Polymorphic compounds and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides freebase and salt forms, and compositions and methods thereof, useful for treating various conditions in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis by the administration of small molecule therapeutics acting as a scavenger for toxic aldehydes.

FIELD OF THEINVENTION

This application relates to various forms and compositions, and methods, useful for treating various conditions in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis by the administration of small molecule therapeutics acting as a scavenger for toxic aldehydes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Metabolic and inflammatory processes in cells generate toxic aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal (4HNE). These aldehydes are highly reactive to proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and DNA, leading to chemically modified biological molecules, activation of inflammatory mediators such as NF-kappaB, and damage in diverse organs. For example, retinaldehyde can react with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to form a highly toxic compound called A2E, which is a component of lipofuscin believed to be involved in the development and progression of Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Many bodily defense mechanisms function to remove or lower the levels of toxic aldehydes. Novel small molecule therapeutics can be used to scavenge “escaped” retinaldehyde in the retina, thus reducing A2E formation and lessening the risk of AMD (Jordan et al. (2006)).

Aldehydes are implicated in diverse pathological conditions such as dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents (Negre-Salvagre et al. (2008), Nakamura et al. (2007), Batista et al. (2012), Kenney et al. (2003), Int J Dermatol 43: 494 (2004), Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48: 1552 (2007), Graefe's Clin Exp Ophthalmol 233: 694 (1994), Molecular Vision 18: 194 (2012)). Reducing or eliminating aldehydes should thus ameliorate the symptoms and slow the progression of these pathological conditions.

MDA, HNE and other toxic aldehydes are generated by a myriad of metabolic mechanisms involving: fatty alcohols, sphingolipids, glycolipids, phytol, fatty acids, arachadonic acid metabolism (Rizzo (2007)), polyamine metabolism (Wood et al. (2006)), lipid peroxidation, oxidative metabolism (Buddi et al. (2002), Zhou et al. (2005)), and glucose metabolism (Pozzi et al. (2009)). Aldehydes can cross link with primary amino groups and other chemical moieties on proteins, phospholipids, carbohydrates, and DNA, leading in many cases to toxic consequences, such as mutagenesis and carcinogenesis (Marnett (2002)). MDA is associated with diseased corneas, keratoconus, bullous and other keratopathy, and Fuch's endothelial dystrophy corneas (Buddi et al. (2002)). Also, skin disorders, e.g., Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, are likely connected with the accumulation of fatty aldehydes such as octadecanal and hexadecanal (Rizzo et al. (2010)). Further, increased lipid peroxidation and resultant aldehyde generation are associated with the toxic effects of blister agents (Sciuto et al. (2004) and Pal et al. (2009)).

There has been no suggestion in the art for treating the various conditions associated with toxic aldehydes by the administration of small molecule therapeutics acting as a scavenger for aldehydes, such as MDA and/or HNE. Thus, there is a need for treating, preventing, and/or reducing a risk of a disease or disorder in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis. The present invention addresses such a need.

Accordingly, there remains a need for treating, preventing, and/or reducing a risk of a disease, disorder, or condition in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that compounds of the present invention, and compositions thereof, are useful for treating, preventing, and/or reducing a risk of a disease, disorder, or condition in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis. In general, salt forms or freebase forms, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful for treating or lessening the severity of a variety of diseases or disorders as described in detail herein. Such compounds are represented by the chemical structure below, denoted as compound A:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are useful for treating a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions, associated with toxic aldehydes. Such diseases, disorders, or conditions include those described herein.

Compounds provided by this invention are also useful for the study of certain aldehydes in biology and pathological phenomena.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound A, Form A.

FIG. 2 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound A, Form A.

FIG. 3 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound A, Form B.

FIG. 4 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound A, Form B.

FIG. 5 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound A, Form C.

FIG. 6 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound A, Form C.

FIG. 7 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 1, Form A.

FIG. 8 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 1, Form A.

FIG. 9 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 2, Form A.

FIG. 10 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 2, Form A.

FIG. 11 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 2, Form B.

FIG. 12 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 2, Form B.

FIG. 13 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 3, Form A.

FIG. 14 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 3, Form A.

FIG. 15 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 3, Form B.

FIG. 16 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 3, Form B.

FIG. 17 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 4, Form A.

FIG. 18 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 5, Form A.

FIG. 19 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 5, Form A.

FIG. 20 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 5, Form B.

FIG. 21 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 5, Form B.

FIG. 22 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 5, Form C.

FIG. 23 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 5, Form C.

FIG. 24 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 6, Form A.

FIG. 25 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 6, Form A.

FIG. 26 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 7, Form A.

FIG. 27 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 7, Form A.

FIG. 28 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 7, Form B.

FIG. 29 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 7, Form B.

FIG. 30 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 8, Form A.

FIG. 31 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 8, Form A.

FIG. 32 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 8, Form B.

FIG. 33 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 8, Form B.

FIG. 34 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 9, Form A.

FIG. 35 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 9, Form A.

FIG. 36 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 10, Form A.

FIG. 37 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 11, Form A.

FIG. 38 depicts the XRPD pattern of Compound 12, Form A.

FIG. 39 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Compound 12, Form A.

FIG. 40 depicts a unit cell of compound A.

FIG. 41 depicts simulated and experimental XRPD patterns of compound A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION General Description of Certain Aspects of the Invention

It would be desirable to provide a solid form of compound A (e.g., as a freebase thereof or salt thereof) that imparts characteristics such as improved aqueous solubility, stability and ease of formulation. Accordingly, the present invention provides both free base forms and salt forms of compound A:

Free Base Forms of Compound A

It is contemplated that compound A can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound A can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound A is in solid form. When compound A is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a form of compound A substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include different forms of compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound A. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of a form of compound A is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of a form of compound A is present.

According to one embodiment, a form of compound A is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, a form of compound A contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, a form of compound A contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for a form of compound A is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound A. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound A can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

As used herein, the term “polymorph” refers to the different crystal structures into which a compound, or a salt or solvate thereof, can crystallize.

In certain embodiments, compound A is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound A is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound A. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound A” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound A. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound A is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound A is present.

It has been found that compound A can exist in at least three distinct polymorphic forms. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of compound A referred to herein as Form A. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of compound A referred to herein as Form B. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of compound A referred to herein as Form C.

In some embodiments, compound A is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound A is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound A.

Form A of Compound A

In some embodiments, Form A of compound A has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound A Position¹ [°2θ] d-spacing [Å] Intensity [%] 3.2 27.28 1.14 7.7 11.43 7.56 8.1 10.95 38.09 8.2 10.76 91.34 10.0 8.88 13.32 11.4 7.74 1.39 11.9 7.42 7.14 12.5 7.09 2.95 13.1 6.74 7.76 15.5 5.71 8.39 16.0 5.54 9.77 16.2 5.48 8.31 16.5 5.38 100 17.3 5.12 13.19 18.0 4.93 2.94 18.7 4.74 13.93 19.3 4.60 57.84 19.7 4.51 2.69 20.0 4.44 5.43 20.5 4.33 22.91 20.9 4.25 26.84 21.2 4.19 13.21 21.5 4.12 14.05 21.6 4.11 14.11 22.2 4.00 58.27 23.0 3.86 34.23 23.5 3.78 16.78 24.3 3.65 23.53 24.4 3.64 28.46 25.1 3.55 3.26 26.5 3.36 9.71 26.7 3.34 2.25 27.7 3.21 18.48 28.3 3.16 12.94 29.2 3.06 4.15 29.5 3.03 5.94 31.3 2.86 1.67 31.6 2.83 5.39 32.1 2.79 1.92 32.5 2.76 3.25 32.8 2.73 4.02 33.3 2.69 3.1 33.6 2.67 1.93 34.4 2.61 3.22 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound A is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 8.2, about 16.2 and about 22.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound A is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 8.2, about 16.2 and about 22.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound A is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 8.2, about 16.2 and about 22.2 degrees 2-theta. As used herein, the term “about”, when used in reference to a degree 2-theta value refers to the stated value±0.2 degree 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 1.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound A are described infra.

Form B of Compound A

In some embodiments, Form B of compound A has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound A Position¹ [°2θ] d-spacing [Å] Intensity [%] 7.7 11.54 2.49 7.9 11.13 8.72 10.2 8.70 100 10.4 8.50 2.41 11.5 7.70 76.63 14.8 5.99 0.91 15.3 5.78 25.42 15.9 5.58 0.87 16.7 5.31 0.71 18.0 4.94 3.61 18.4 4.83 0.75 19.5 4.56 42.49 19.6 4.53 17.48 22.1 4.03 1.55 23.0 3.86 2.62 23.3 3.82 52.46 23.4 3.81 22.36 23.5 3.78 4.45 23.9 3.71 0.6 24.6 3.62 1.47 25.1 3.55 4.52 27.9 3.20 6.45 28.7 3.11 1.88 29.3 3.04 0.63 30.1 2.97 2.08 30.8 2.90 2.57 32.5 2.75 0.59 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form B of compound A is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.2, about 11.5 and about 23.3 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound A is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.2, about 11.5 and about 23.3. In some embodiments, Form B of compound A is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.2, about 11.5 and about 23.3.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 3.

Methods for preparing Form B of compound A are described infra.

Form C of Compound A

In some embodiments, Form C of compound A has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound A Position¹ [°2θ] d-spacing [Å] Intensity [%] 3.4 26.07 2.1 8.0 11.10 5.02 9.7 9.16 2.8 9.9 8.91 7.37 15.8 5.60 31.93 16.5 5.37 1.79 18.0 4.92 2.07 18.4 4.82 8.12 18.7 4.74 3.04 19.1 4.64 5.17 19.9 4.46 1.21 20.6 4.30 8.97 22.8 3.91 2.76 23.0 3.85 100 23.1 3.85 38.65 24.2 3.67 7.44 25.0 3.55 11.4 25.4 3.50 2.21 28.6 3.12 7.99 30.4 2.93 13.36 30.7 2.90 12.16 30.8 2.90 5.92 32.0 2.79 1.4 33.3 2.69 2.59 34.5 2.59 8.17 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form C of compound A is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.8, about 23.0 and about 23.1 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound A is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.8, about 23.0 and about 23.1. In some embodiments, Form C of compound A is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.8, about 23.0 and about 23.1.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 5.

Methods for preparing Form C of compound A are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A:

wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound is substantially free of amorphous compound A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 8.2, about 16.2 and about 22.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about about 8.2, about 16.2 and about 22.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides Compound A, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 1.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 10.2, about 11.5 and about 23.3 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 10.2, about 11.5 and about 23.3 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound is of Form B.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 3.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 15.8, about 23.0 and about 23.1 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 15.8, about 23.0 and about 23.1 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound is of Form C.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 5.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound A and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound A or composition thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound A or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Salt Forms of Compound A

In some embodiments, an acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form one of compounds 1 through 12, described below. It is contemplated that compounds 1 through 12 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compounds 1 through 12 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compounds 1 through 12 are in solid form. When compounds 1 through 12 are in solid form, said compounds may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary such solid forms of compounds 1 through 12 are described in more detail below.

Compound 1 (Mesylate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a mesylate salt of compound A, represented by compound 1:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the methanesulfonic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 1. It is contemplated that compound 1 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 1 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 1 is in solid form. When compound 1 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess methanesulfonic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 1. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 1 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 1 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 1 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 1 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 1 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 1 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 1. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 1 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 1 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 1 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 1. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 1” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 1. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 1 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 1 is present.

It has been found that compound 1 can exist in at least three distinct polymorphic forms. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of Compound 1 referred to herein as Form A. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of compound 1 referred to herein as Form B. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of compound 1 referred to herein as Form C.

In some embodiments, compound 1 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 1 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 1.

Form A of Compound 1

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 1 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 1 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 7.5 11.80 17.48 11.7 7.59 18.16 11.9 7.45 21.95 14.1 6.28 12.33 14.9 5.96 25.10 17.7 5.01 26.50 18.3 4.85 8.36 19.2 4.61 100.00 19.9 4.46 8.00 21.8 4.07 5.45 23.0 3.87 6.43 23.8 3.73 24.50 23.9 3.73 23.49 24.5 3.64 6.36 25.7 3.46 5.38 26.5 3.36 4.80 26.8 3.33 5.95 28.5 3.13 5.16 28.9 3.08 11.22 29.4 3.03 7.46 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 1 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.9, about 17.7 and about 19.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 1 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.9, about 17.7 and about 19.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 1 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.9, about 17.7 and about 19.2 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 7.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 1 are described infra.

Form B of Compound 1

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 1 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 1 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%]  7.5 11.79 5.96 10.2  8.68 6.99 10.5  8.46 100.00 11.2  7.90 12.37 11.9  7.43 7.21 14.9  5.93 34.65 17.2  5.14 9.27 17.8  4.99 14.31 18.5  4.79 11.20 19.0  4.66 8.15 19.3  4.61 20.81 19.6  4.53 35.35 20.0  4.44 32.49 20.9  4.26 10.33 24.0  3.71 9.26 24.3  3.66 9.87 24.4  3.65 10.20 26.3  3.39 62.49 27.5  3.24 10.60 34.8  2.58 9.48 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 1 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.5, about 14.9 and about 19.6 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 1 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.5, about 14.9 and about 19.6 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 1 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.5, about 14.9 and about 19.6 degrees 2-theta.

Methods for preparing Form B of compound 1 are described infra.

Form C of Compound 1

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 1 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound 1 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.7 13.26 1.35 12.4 7.12 100.00 14.0 6.32 34.95 15.7 5.66 7.28 15.9 5.56 7.07 17.4 5.11 12.77 17.6 5.03 20.47 17.9 4.95 63.89 18.8 4.73 15.31 19.4 4.58 62.94 20.3 4.38 52.05 21.1 4.20 54.19 24.0 3.71 40.72 24.6 3.61 42.15 25.1 3.55 15.47 26.3 3.39 40.75 27.9 3.20 40.28 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 1 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 12.4, about 17.9 and about 19.4 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 1 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 12.4, about 17.9 and about 19.4 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 1 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 12.4, about 17.9 and about 19.4 degrees 2-theta.

Methods for preparing Form C of compound 1 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 1.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at 14.9, about 17.7 and about 19.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 14.9, about 17.7 and about 19.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 7.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about10.5, about 14.9 and about 19.6 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 10.5, about 14.9 and about 19.6 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound is of Form B.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 12.4, about 17.9 and about 19.4 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 12.4, about 17.9 and about 19.4 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein said compound is of Form C.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 1 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 1 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 2 (Besylate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a besylate salt of compound A, represented by compound 2:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the benzenesulfonic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 2. It is contemplated that compound 2 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 2 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 2 is in solid form. When compound 2 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess benzenesulfonic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 2. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 2 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 2 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 2 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 2 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 2 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 2 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 2. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 2 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 2 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 2 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 2. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 2” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 2. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 2 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 2 is present.

It has been found that compound 2 can exist in at least three distinct polymorphic forms. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of Compound 2 referred to herein as Form A. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of compound 2 referred to herein as Form B. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorphic form of compound 2 referred to herein as Form C.

In some embodiments, compound 2 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 2 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 2.

Form A of Compound 2

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 2 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 2 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 8.1 10.86 15.20 10.6 8.38 13.40 11.1 7.94 13.03 13.5 6.57 12.57 13.6 6.49 25.02 15.8 5.62 100.00 16.4 5.41 9.27 16.7 5.29 10.91 17.8 4.98 37.50 18.7 4.74 9.22 19.0 4.66 47.09 19.3 4.59 12.51 21.4 4.16 23.26 21.5 4.13 27.02 22.0 4.03 13.93 22.2 4.00 25.35 24.1 3.69 10.90 24.3 3.66 12.6 26.1 3.42 11.52 26.5 3.36 11.74 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 2 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.8, about 17.8 and about 19.0 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 2 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.8, about 17.8 and about 19.0 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 2 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.8, about 17.8 and about 19.0 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 9.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 2 are described infra.

Form B of Compound 2

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 2 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 8 below.

TABLE 8 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 2 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.0 14.61 65.75 8.1 10.88 64.52 9.6 9.21 40.76 10.8 8.19 25.71 11.1 7.99 61.88 13.4 6.61 75.71 15.0 5.90 82.65 16.0 5.55 31.04 16.6 5.33 11.54 17.3 5.11 96.38 18.1 4.90 25.31 18.9 4.69 37.02 19.4 4.59 100.00 19.9 4.46 26.73 20.8 4.27 52.63 21.3 4.18 35.02 23.5 3.78 23.12 24.6 3.62 12.18 25.9 3.45 83.83 29.3 3.05 11.47 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 2 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 17.3, about 19.4 and about 25.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 2 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 17.3, about 19.4 and about 25.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 2 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 17.3, about 19.4 and about 25.9 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 11.

Methods for preparing Form B of compound 2 are described infra.

Form C of Compound 2

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 2 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound 2 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.1 14.51 24.31 8.7 10.18 38.14 12.2 7.26 24.06 12.4 7.12 50.28 13.8 6.40 42.46 15.1 5.86 100.00 16.1 5.50 31.73 16.7 5.32 59.97 18.2 4.77 43.03 18.9 4.68 20.37 19.1 4.64 22.88 20.2 4.40 27.39 21.3 4.18 22.3 21.6 4.11 24.61 21.8 4.09 45.2 21.9 4.07 55.24 23.5 3.79 25.15 24.45 3.64 37.34 25.2 3.53 20.98 27.9 3.20 31.81 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 2 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.1, about 16.7 and about 21.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 2 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.1, about 16.7 and about 21.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 2 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 15.1, about 16.7 and about 21.9 degrees 2-theta.

Methods for preparing Form C of compound 2 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 2.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 15.8, about 17.8 and about 19.0 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 15.8, about 17.8 and about 19.0 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 9.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 17.3, about 19.4 and about 25.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 17.3, about 19.4 and about 25.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound is of Form B.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 11.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 15.1, about 16.7 and about 21.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 15.1, about 16.7 and about 21.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 2, wherein said compound is of Form C.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 2 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 2 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 2 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 3 (Sulfate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a sulfate salt of compound A, represented by compound 3:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the sulfuric acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 3. It is contemplated that compound 3 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 3 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 3 is in solid form. When compound 3 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess sulfuric acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 3. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 3 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 3 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 3 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 3 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 3 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 3 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 3. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 3 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 3 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 3 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 3. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 3” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 3. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 3 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 3 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 3 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 3 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 3.

Form A of Compound 3

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 3 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 3 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 7.8 11.40 11.46 10.3 8.61 49.99 11.6 7.60 39.27 11.8 7.49 69.89 12.7 6.96 10.15 13.2 6.69 100.00 15.6 5.70 55.58 16.8 5.28 73.64 18.2 4.86 49.47 19.4 4.58 51.49 20.4 4.35 41.17 21.8 4.07 13.77 22.8 3.90 31.47 23.6 3.76 11.26 23.9 3.72 36.20 24.4 3.65 29.05 24.6 3.62 33.01 25.2 3.54 61.83 26.3 3.38 10.30 26.7 3.34 27.50 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 3 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.8, about 13.2 and about 16.8 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 3 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.8, about 13.2 and about 16.8 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 3 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.8, about 13.2 and about 16.8 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 13.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 3 are described infra.

Form B of Compound 3

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 3 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 11 below.

TABLE 11 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 3 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.0 14.84 100.00 11.6 7.62 22.24 11.9 7.42 26.45 12.8 6.94 73.94 12.9 6.87 39.86 15.3 5.80 31.40 15.7 5.64 6.74 16.2 5.47 17.97 16.4 5.42 13.85 18.0 4.94 5.75 19.3 4.60 13.61 19.9 4.46 12.93 20.3 4.38 24.36 21.5 4.13 6.77 22. 4.04 17.18 22.6 3.93 9.51 23.8 3.74 7.22 24.7 3.60 67.22 25.4 3.51 30.77 26.3 3.39 8.29 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 3 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 6.0, about 12.8 and about 24.7 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 3 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 6.0, about 12.8 and about 24.7 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 3 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 6.0, about 12.8 and about 24.7 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 15.

Methods for preparing Form B of compound 3 are described infra.

Form C of Compound 3

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 3 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 12 below.

TABLE 12 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound 3 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 3.3 26.38 9.93 8.3 10.71 19.24 12.8 6.92 14.22 14.7 6.04 75.08 15.5 5.71 47.58 16.1 5.51 16.20 16.6 5.35 15.58 17.8 4.98 22.01 19.5 4.56 22.81 20.0 4.45 75.46 20.2 4.40 27.52 22.2 4.01 10.01 23.8 3.74 13.04 24.2 3.67 16.82 25.0 3.57 13.54 25.6 3.47 100.00 26.1 3.41 15.94 27.2 3.28 15.81 28.1 3.17 9.82 29.7 3.01 11.02 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 3 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.7, about 20.0 and about 25.6 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 3 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.7, about 20.0 and about 25.6 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 3 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.7, about 20.0 and about 25.6 degrees 2-theta.

Methods for preparing Form C of compound 3 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 3.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.8, about 13.2 and about 16.8 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.8, about 13.2 and about 16.8 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 13.

n some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 6.0, about 12.8 and about 24.7 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 6.0, about 12.8 and about 24.7 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound is of Form B.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 15.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 14.7, about 20.0 and about 25.6 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 17.2, about 23.8 and about 25.5 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 3, wherein said compound is of Form C.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 3 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 3 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 4 (Tosylate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a tosylate salt of compound A, represented by compound 4:

By “tosylate” is meant p-toluene sulfonate, i.e., the ionic form of p-toluenesulfonic acid. It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the p-toluenesulfonic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 4. It is contemplated that compound 4 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 4 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 4 is in solid form. When compound 4 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess p-toluenesulfonic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 4. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 4 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 4 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 4 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 4 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 4 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 4 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 4. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 4 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 4 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 4 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 4. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 4” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 4. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 4 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 4 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 4 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 4 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 4.

Form A of Compound 4

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 4 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 13 below.

TABLE 13 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 4 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.6 15.65 16.48 10.5 8.42 15.31 11.0 8.01 35.52 11.2 7.90 100.00 11.4 7.74 70.67 12.9 6.87 66.83 14.4 6.13 38.23 18.4 4.83 15.57 18.6 4.78 27.79 19.6 4.52 21.02 19.9 4.46 33.88 20.5 4.34 18.73 20.7 4.28 26.28 22.7 3.92 35.68 23.0 3.87 29.24 23.8 3.74 14.10 25.2 3.53 61.24 25.3 3.53 61.99 28.4 3.14 17.61 29.3 3.05 41.07 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 4 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.2, about 11.4 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 4 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.2, about 11.4 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 4 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.2, about 11.4 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 17.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 4 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 4.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.2, about 11.4 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.2, about 11.4 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 4, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 17.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 4 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 4 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 4 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 5 (Hydrochloride Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a hydrochloride salt of compound A, represented by compound 5:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the hydrochloric acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 5. It is contemplated that compound 5 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 5 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 5 is in solid form. When compound 5 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess hydrochloric acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 5. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 5 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 5 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 5 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 5 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 5 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 5 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 5. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 5 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 5 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 5 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 5. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 5” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 5. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 5 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 5 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 5 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 5 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 5.

Form A of Compound 5

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 5 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 14 below.

TABLE 14 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 5 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 8.1 10.92 26.36 11.7 7.58 78.06 13.0 6.81 12.69 13.6 6.51 82.87 13.9 6.38 14.63 15.4 5.75 31.21 16.0 5.55 40.46 16.7 5.30 100.00 19.6 4.53 41.62 20.0 4.44 54.05 20.2 4.40 40.60 20.5 4.32 12.67 23.0 3.87 22.83 24.1 3.70 68.08 24.5 3.63 38.87 25.4 3.50 84.69 26.8 3.33 43.84 27.3 3.27 12.82 30.3 2.95 18.48 32.5 2.75 12.32 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 5 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 13.6, about 16.7 and about 25.4 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 5 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 13.6, about 16.7 and about 25.4 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 5 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 13.6, about 16.7 and about 25.4 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 18.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 5 are described infra.

Form B of Compound 5

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 5 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 15 below.

TABLE 15 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 5 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 7.4 11.97 10.52 8.4 10.58 14.26 13.4 6.62 17.72 13.7 6.47 9.46 14.3 6.21 36.35 14.8 5.97 35.49 15.0 5.89 26.96 18.8 4.71 100.00 20.2 4.40 16.54 20.4 4.36 18.70 21.3 4.18 22.07 23.1 3.84 50.64 23.8 3.75 12.93 24.3 3.66 20.97 24.7 3.60 33.32 25.1 3.55 36.05 26.7 3.34 9.91 27.5 3.24 24.84 27.6 3.23 33.49 32.2 2.78 10.62 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 5 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 18.8, about 23.1 and about 25.1 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 5 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 18.8, about 23.1 and about 25.1 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 5 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 18.8, about 23.1 and about 25.1 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 20.

Methods for preparing Form B of compound 5 are described infra.

Form C of Compound 5

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 5 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 16 below.

TABLE 16 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound 5 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 12.2 7.26 13.41 13.4 6.61 100.00 14.1 6.27 73.99 16.8 5.26 12.96 17.6 5.03 18.68 19.5 4.56 15.91 20.4 4.35 51.43 20.8 4.28 9.77 22.4 3.97 27.91 22.6 3.94 17.67 24.3 3.66 6.68 25.0 3.56 18.46 25.8 3.46 58.02 26.6 3.35 38.18 26.6 3.35 33.08 27.0 3.30 8.70 27.9 3.20 19.94 28.5 3.13 15.09 28.7 3.11 30.03 30.1 2.97 10.63 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 5 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 13.4, about 14.1 and about 25.8 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 5 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 13.4, about 14.1 and about 25.8 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 5 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 13.4, about 14.1 and about 25.8 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 22.

Methods for preparing Form C of compound 5 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 5.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 13.6, about 16.7 and about 25.4 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 13.6, about 16.7 and about 25.4 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 18.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 18.8, about 23.1 and about 25.1 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 18.8, about 23.1 and about 25.1 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 20.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 13.4, about 14.1 and about 25.8 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 18.8, about 23.1 and about 25.1 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 5, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 22.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 5 or composition thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 5 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 6 (Oxalate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides an oxalate salt of compound A, represented by compound 6:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the oxalic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 6. It is contemplated that compound 6 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 6 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 6 is in solid form. When compound 6 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess oxalic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 6. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 6 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 6 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 6 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 6 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 6 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 6 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 6. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 6 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 6 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 6 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 6. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 6” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 6. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 6 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 6 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 6 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 6 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 6.

Form A of Compound 6

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 6 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 17 below.

TABLE 17 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 6 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.4 13.76 3.01 10.6 8.32 35.69 12.4 7.15 100.00 14.0 6.31 7.32 15.2 5.83 2.11 16.0 5.54 28.47 16.7 5.32 32.31 17.1 5.18 7.55 18.0 4.92 16.71 19.4 4.58 6.36 20.3 4.37 3.69 22.3 3.99 17.92 24.9 3.57 2.27 26.2 3.40 48.94 27.1 3.29 9.09 27.4 3.26 26.02 28.2 3.16 4.35 30.7 2.92 4.20 32.1 2.79 1.47 32.6 2.74 2.07 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 6 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.6, about 12.4 and about 26.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 6 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.6, about 12.4 and about 26.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 6 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.6, about 12.4 and about 26.2 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 24.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 6 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 6.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 10.6, about 12.4 and about 26.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 10.6, about 12.4 and about 26.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 6, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 24.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 6 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 6 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 6 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson

Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 7 (Phosphate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a phosphate salt of compound A, represented by compound 7:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the phosphoric acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 7. It is contemplated that compound 7 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 7 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 7 is in solid form. When compound 7 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess phosphoric acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 7. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 7 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 7 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 7 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 7 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 7 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 7 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 7. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 7 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 7 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 7 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 7. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 7” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 7. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 7 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 7 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 7 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 7 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 7.

Form A of Compound 7

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 7 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 18 below.

TABLE 18 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 7 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.9 15.09 100.00 11.7 7.54 20.85 12.2 7.26 8.82 13.2 6.71 86.03 14.0 6.35 4.98 14.3 6.20 8.04 16.4 5.40 40.39 17.2 5.17 46.43 17.7 5.02 35.84 21.6 4.12 17.95 22.2 4.01 32.31 22.7 3.92 99.21 24.1 3.70 7.92 24.5 3.63 9.57 24.9 3.58 14.64 25.9 3.45 5.47 26.4 3.38 20.85 26.6 3.35 10.43 27.3 3.27 11.97 32.8 2.73 5.78 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 7 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.9, about 13.2 and about 22.7 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 7 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.9, about 13.2 and about 22.7 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 7 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.9, about 13.2 and about 22.7 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 26.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 7 are described infra.

Form B of Compound 7

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 7 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 19 below.

TABLE 19 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 7 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.0 14.66 88.61 12.1 7.33 44.38 12.6 7.04 17.58 12.9 6.86 18.15 13.2 6.71 15.37 13.4 6.61 91.72 15.3 5.80 13.90 15.9 5.57 20.47 16.6 5.33 55.60 18.2 4.88 12.71 19.4 4.59 68.79 20.2 4.40 50.76 22.3 3.99 27.86 23.0 3.87 100.00 23.3 3.81 50.38 24.3 3.66 21.36 24.6 3.62 25.72 25.3 3.52 25.27 27.4 3.26 23.28 30.8 2.90 14.33 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 7 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 6.0, about 13.4 and about 23.0 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 7 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 6.0, about 13.4 and about 23.0 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 7 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 6.0, about 13.4 and about 23.0 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 28.

Methods for preparing Form B of compound 7 are described infra.

Form C of Compound 7

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 7 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 20 below.

TABLE 20 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound 7 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.5 16.01 31.37 11.1 8.00 43.32 11.4 7.73 47.94 13.6 6.51 16.34 13.9 6.35 53.88 16.0 5.54 8.88 16.6 5.35 29.89 17.7 5.02 24.58 17.9 4.95 38.92 19.2 4.62 8.29 20.6 4.30 29.67 21.3 4.17 28.73 22.1 4.02 30.00 23.4 3.81 19.91 25.2 3.53 100.00 26.4 3.38 25.71 27.4 3.26 14.73 28.1 3.18 39.98 31.2 2.87 7.09 33.5 2.67 6.23 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form C of compound 7 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.4, about 13.9 and about 25.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 7 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.4, about 13.9 and about 25.2 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form C of compound 7 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.4, about 13.9 and about 25.2 degrees 2-theta.

Methods for preparing Form C of compound 7 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 7.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 5.9, about 13.2 and about 22.7 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 5.9, about 13.2 and about 22.7degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 26.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 6.0, about 13.4 and about 23.0 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 6.0, about 13.4 and about 23.0 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound is of Form B.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 28.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.4, about 13.9 and about 25.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.4, about 13.9 and about 25.2 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 7, wherein said compound is of Form C.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 7 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 7 or composition thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 7 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson

Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 8 (Tartrate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a tartrate salt of compound A, represented by compound 8:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the tartaric acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 8. It is contemplated that compound 8 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 8 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 8 is in solid form. When compound 8 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess tartaric acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 8. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 8 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 8 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 8 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 8 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 8 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 8 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 8. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 8 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 8 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 8 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 8. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 8” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 8. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 8 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 8 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 8 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 8 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 8.

Form A of Compound 8

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 8 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 21 below.

TABLE 21 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 8 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.5 16.01 100.00 10.6 8.33 63.53 11.1 8.01 25.88 12.4 7.15 15.10 12.8 6.94 25.68 13.0 6.79 49.51 14.5 6.12 9.15 15.6 5.70 23.28 17.0 5.22 60.59 18.2 4.89 11.54 20.8 4.28 7.97 21.7 4.09 14.75 22.4 3.97 12.03 24.4 3.65 40.16 24.9 3.57 21.09 25.1 3.55 20.47 25.3 3.52 14.68 25.7 3.47 10.32 26.4 3.38 16.17 26.7 3.34 15.22 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 8 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.5, about 10.6 and about 17.0 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 8 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.5, about 10.6 and about 17.0 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 8 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.5, about 10.6 and about 17.0 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 30.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 8 are described infra.

Form B of Compound 8

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 8 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 22 below.

TABLE 22 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 8 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.0 17.69 34.25 5.5 16.06 59.56 10.6 8.35 44.06 11.0 8.03 23.42 11.2 7.91 36.87 11.8 7.47 53.74 13.0 6.82 36.12 14.0 6.33 30.09 14.3 6.18 100 16.5 5.38 35.08 16.9 5.24 43.61 17.9 4.94 25.29 18.2 4.87 45.41 19.9 4.45 57.56 20.5 4.34 20.15 22.3 3.99 21.21 24.3 3.66 21.31 26.3 3.39 89.83 28.9 3.09 45.42 30.1 2.97 22.88 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form B of compound 8 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.5, about 19.9 and about 26.3 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 8 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.5, about 19.9 and about 26.3 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form B of compound 8 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 5.5, about 19.9 and about 26.3 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 32.

Methods for preparing Form B of compound 8 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 8.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 5.5, about 10.6 and about 17.0 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 5.5, about 10.6 and about 17.0 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 30.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 5.5, about 19.9 and about 26.3 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 5.5, about 19.9 and about 26.3 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound is of Form B.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 8, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 32.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 8 or composition thereof.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 8 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 9 (Isethionate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides an isethionate salt of compound A, represented by compound 9:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the oxalic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 9. It is contemplated that compound 9 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 9 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 9 is in solid form. When compound 9 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess oxalic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 9. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 9 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 9 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 9 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 9 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 9 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 9 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 9. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 9 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 9 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 9 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 9. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 9” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 9. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 9 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 9 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 9 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 9 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 9.

Form A of Compound 9

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 9 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 23 below.

TABLE 23 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 9 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 3.4 25.83 0.30 6.8 12.99 0.87 1020 8.68 4.55 11.6 7.81 0.24 13.0 6.82 2.04 14.1 6.28 0.86 16.9 5.26 13.74 17.3 5.14 2.00 19.1 4.65 2.33 20.5 4.34 11.05 22.3 3.98 79.84 22.6 3.92 4.29 24.2 3.68 1.47 26.1 3.41 3.90 30.4 2.94 17.04 30.5 2.94 6.81 30.9 2.89 8.33 32.4 2.76 100.00 32.5 2.76 43.22 33.1 2.70 0.93 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 9 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 22.3, about 32.4 and about 32.5 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 9 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 22.3, about 32.4 and about 32.5 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 9 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 22.3, about 32.4 and about 32.5 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 34.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 9 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 9.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 22.3, about 32.4 and about 32.5 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 22.3, about 32.4 and about 32.5 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 9, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 34.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 9 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 9 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 9 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 10 (Aspartane Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides an aspartane salt of compound A, represented by compound 10:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the oxalic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 10. It is contemplated that compound 10 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 10 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 10 is in solid form. When compound 10 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess oxalic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 10. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 10 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 10 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 10 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 10 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 10 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 10 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 10. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 10 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 10 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 10 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 10. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 10” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 10. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 10 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 10 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 10 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 10 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 10.

Form A of Compound 10

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 10 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 24 below.

TABLE 24 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 10 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 11.6 7.66 21.15 14.8 6.00 100.00 15.2 5.81 16.13 16.6 5.34 22.19 17.3 5.12 16.76 17.9 4.94 17.68 19.5 4.56 39.93 19.6 4.53 60.17 19.7 4.52 54.38 21.7 4.10 23.95 22.8 3.90 48.76 23.3 3.82 29.61 23.5 3.79 44.07 23.7 3.76 29.21 25.5 3.50 87.60 28.1 3.17 90.68 28.7 3.11 92.98 28.8 3.11 37.75 31.1 2.87 19.61 32.3 2.77 14.67 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 10 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.8, about 28.1 and about 28.7 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 10 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.8, about 28.1 and about 28.7 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 10 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 14.8, about 28.1 and about 28.7 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 36.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 10 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 10.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 14.8, about 28.1 and about 28.7 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 14.8, about 28.1 and about 28.7 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 10, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 36.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 10 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 10 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 10 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 11 (Malonate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a malonate salt of compound A, represented by compound 11:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the oxalic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 11. It is contemplated that compound 11 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 11 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 11 is in solid form. When compound 11 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess oxalic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 11. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 11 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 11 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 11 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 11 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 11 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 11 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 11. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 11 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 11 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 11 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 11. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 11” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 11. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 11 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 11 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 11 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 11 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 11.

Form A of Compound 11

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 11 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 25 below.

TABLE 25 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 11 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.6 15.74 6.33 10.9 8.15 27.15 11.1 7.95 25.07 12.0 7.35 8.58 12.9 6.88 100.00 13.7 6.45 20.48 15.8 5.60 7.11 16.5 5.37 15.14 16.7 5.31 7.96 17.8 4.97 5.79 20.0 4.44 5.29 21.6 4.11 5.28 22.5 3.95 4.75 24.2 3.67 21.31 24.4 3.65 20.80 24.7 3.60 11.66 26.8 3.33 12.46 28.4 3.14 6.89 32.4 2.76 9.18 33.3 2.69 5.38 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 11 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.9, about 11.1 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 11 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.9, about 11.1 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 11 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 10.9, about 11.1 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 37.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 11 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 11.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 10.9, about 11.1 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 10.9, about 11.1 and about 12.9 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 11, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 37.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 11 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 11 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 11 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g.,

Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

Compound 12 (Edilsylate Salts of Compound A)

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides an edisylate salt of compound A, represented by compound 12:

It will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the oxalic acid and compound A are ionically bonded to form compound 12. It is contemplated that compound 12 can exist in a variety of physical forms. For example, compound 12 can be in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 12 is in solid form. When compound 12 is in solid form, said compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term “substantially free of impurities” means that the compound contains no significant amount of extraneous matter. Such extraneous matter may include excess oxalic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation of, and/or isolation of, compound 12. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of compound 12 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of compound 12 is present.

According to one embodiment, compound 12 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent where the percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 12 contains no more than about 3.0 area percent HPLC of total organic impurities and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 12 contains no more than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity; no more than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and, in certain embodiments, no more than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, relative to the total area of the HPLC chromatogram.

The structure depicted for compound 12 is also meant to include all tautomeric forms of compound 12. Additionally, structures depicted here are also meant to include compounds that differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structure except for the replacement of hydrogen by deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C— or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

It has been found that compound 12 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs such as those described herein.

In certain embodiments, compound 12 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 12 is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 12. As used herein, the term “substantially free of amorphous compound 12” means that the compound contains no significant amount of amorphous compound 12. In certain embodiments, at least about 95% by weight of crystalline compound 12 is present. In still other embodiments of the invention, at least about 99% by weight of crystalline compound 12 is present.

In some embodiments, compound 12 is amorphous. In some embodiments, compound 12 is amorphous, and is substantially free of crystalline compound 12.

Form A of Compound 12

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 12 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 spectral peak(s) selected from the peaks listed in Table 26 below.

TABLE 26 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 12 Position¹ d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.6 15.81 35.73 11.2 7.90 42.81 13.0 6.80 100.00 16.7 5.32 20.90 16.8 5.26 28.54 16.9 5.25 21.21 17.4 5.10 16.53 17.6 5.02 33.60 18.1 4.90 19.34 19.3 4.59 12.44 21.4 4.15 13.57 21.8 4.07 10.23 22.2 4.00 10.83 23.8 3.74 12.46 24.5 3.63 76.96 26.2 3.39 12.13 26.9 3.31 8.81 27.3 3.27 11.22 27.6 3.23 13.31 28.4 3.14 10.92 ¹In this and all subsequent tables, the position 2θ is within ± 0.2.

In some embodiments, Form A of compound 12 is characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.2, about 13.0 and about 24.5 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 12 is characterized in that it has two or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.2, about 13.0 and about 24.5 degrees 2-theta. In some embodiments, Form A of compound 12 is characterized in that it has all three peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at about 11.2, about 13.0 and about 24.5 degrees 2-theta.

In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD provided in FIG. 38.

Methods for preparing Form A of compound 12 are described infra.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12:

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12, wherein said compound is crystalline.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12, wherein said compound is a crystalline solid substantially free of amorphous compound 12.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12, wherein said compound is substantially free of impurities.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12, wherein said compound has one or more peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.2, about 13.0 and about 24.5 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12, wherein said compound has at least two peaks in its XRPD selected from those at about 11.2, about 13.0 and about 24.5 degrees 2-theta. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12, wherein said compound is of Form A.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 12, wherein said compound has an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG. 38.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising compound 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient compound 12 or composition thereof

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient compound 12 or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson

Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound selected from: compound A, Form A; compound A, Form B; compound A, Form C; compound 1, Form A; compound 1, Form B; compound 1, Form C; compound 2, Form A; compound 2, Form B; compound 2, Form C; compound 3, Form A; compound 3, Form B; compound 3, Form C; compound 4, Form A; compound 5, Form A; compound 5, Form B; compound 5, Form C; compound 6, Form A; compound 7, Form A; compound 7, Form B; compound 7, Form C; compound 8, Form A; compound 8, Form B; compound 9, Form A; compound 10, Form A; compound 11, Form A; and compound 12, Form A. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising one of the above compound forms and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inhibiting or preventing the accumulation of A2E in a patient comprising administering to said patient one of the above compound forms or composition thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to said patient one of the above compound forms or composition thereof. In some such embodiments, the various conditions in a patient in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis may include dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, inflammatory ocular conditions such as ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), and non-ocular disorders or conditions such as skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, neurodegeneration (e.g., Parkinson's disease), scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus), cardiovascular disorders (e.g., atherosclerosis), and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents.

General Methods of Providing a Salt Compound

Compound A is prepared according to the methods described in detail in the '500 publication, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. Salt compounds of general formula X, which formula encompasses, inter alfa, salt compounds 1 through 9, and/or particular forms thereof, are prepared from compound A, according to the general Scheme below.

For instance, each of compounds 1 through 12, and forms thereof, are prepared from compound A by combining compound A with an appropriate acid to form a salt of that acid. Thus, another aspect of the present invention provides a method for preparing compounds 1 through 12, and forms thereof.

As described generally above, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing a salt compound of the general formula X:

comprising steps of:

combining compound A:

with a suitable acid and optionally a suitable solvent under conditions suitable for forming a salt compound of general formula X.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is methanesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a mesylate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the mesylate salt of compound A is compound 1. In certain embodiments, the mesylate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 1. In certain embodiments, the mesylate salt of compound A is Form B of compound 1. In certain embodiments, the mesylate salt of compound A is Form C of compound 1.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is benzenesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a besylate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the besylate salt of compound A is compound 2. In certain embodiments, the besylate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 2. In certain embodiments, the besylate salt of compound A is Form B of compound 2. In certain embodiments, the besylate salt of compound A is Form C of compound 2.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is sulfuric acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a sulfate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the sulfate salt of compound A is compound 3. In certain embodiments, the sulfate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 3. In certain embodiments, the sulfate salt of compound A is Form B of compound 3. In certain embodiments, the sulfate salt of compound A is Form C of compound 3.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid isp-toluenesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a tosylate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the tosylate salt of compound A is compound 4. In certain embodiments, the tosylate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 4.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is hydrochloric acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a hydrochloride salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the hydrochloric salt of compound A is compound 5. In certain embodiments, the hydrochloride salt of compound A is Form A of compound 5. In certain embodiments, the hydrochloride salt of compound A is Form B of compound 5. In certain embodiments, the hydrochloride salt of compound A is Form C of compound 5.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is oxalic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making an oxalate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the oxalate salt of compound A is compound 6. In certain embodiments, the oxalate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 6.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is phosphoric acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a phosphate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the phosphate salt of compound A is compound 7. In certain embodiments, the phosphate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 7. In certain embodiments, the phosphate salt of compound A is Form B of compound 7. In certain embodiments, the phosphate salt of compound A is Form C of compound 7.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is tartaric acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a tartrate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of compound A is compound 8. In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 8. In certain embodiments, the tartrate salt of compound A is Form B of compound 8.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is isethionic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making an isethionate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the isethionate salt of compound A is compound 9. In certain embodiments, the isethionate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 9.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is aspartic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making an aspartate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the aspartate salt of compound A is compound 10. In certain embodiments, the aspartate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 10.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is malonic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making a malonate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the malonate salt of compound A is compound 11. In certain embodiments, the malonate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 11.

In some embodiments, a suitable acid is edisylic acid. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of making an edisylate salt of compound A. In certain embodiments, the edisylate salt of compound A is compound 12. In certain embodiments, the edisylate salt of compound A is Form A of compound 12.

A suitable solvent may be any solvent system (e.g., one solvent or a mixture of solvents) in which compound A and/or an acid are soluble, or are at least partially soluble.

Examples of suitable solvents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to protic solvents, aprotic solvents, polar aprotic solvent, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, suitable solvents include an ether, an ester, an alcohol, a ketone, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is one or more organic alcohols. In some embodiments, the solvent is chlorinated. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aromatic solvent.

In certain embodiments, a suitable solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetone wherein said solvent is anhydrous or in combination with water or heptane. In some embodiments, suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glyme, diglyme, methyl t-butyl ether, t-butanol, n-butanol, and acetonitrile. In some embodiments, a suitable solvent is ethanol. In some embodiments, a suitable solvent is anhydrous ethanol. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is MTBE.

In some embodiments, a suitable solvent is ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, a suitable solvent is a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride. In some embodiments, a suitable solvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and water. In certain embodiments, a suitable solvent is methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, acetone, or tetrahydrofuran. In certain embodiments, a suitable solvent is diethylether. In certain embodiments, a suitable solvent is water. In certain embodiments, a suitable solvent is methyl ethyl ketone. In certain embodiments, a suitable solvent is toluene.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing a salt compound of the general formula X, comprising one or more steps of removing a solvent and adding a solvent. In some embodiments, an added solvent is the same as the solvent removed. In some embodiments, an added solvent is different from the solvent removed. Means of solvent removal are known in the synthetic and chemical arts and include, but are not limited to, any of those described herein and in the Exemplification.

In some embodiments, a method for preparing a salt compound of the general formula X comprises one or more steps of heating or cooling a preparation.

In some embodiments, a method for preparing a salt compound of the general formula X comprises one or more steps of agitating or stirring a preparation.

In some embodiments, a method for preparing a salt compound of the general formula X comprises a step of adding a suitable acid to a solution or slurry of compound A.

In some embodiments, a method for preparing a salt compound of the general formula X comprises a step of heating.

In certain embodiments, a salt compound of formula X precipitates from the mixture. In another embodiment, a salt compound of formula X crystallizes from the mixture. In other embodiments, a salt compound of formula X crystallizes from solution following seeding of the solution (i.e., adding crystals of a salt compound of formula X to the solution).

A salt compound of formula X can precipitate out of the reaction mixture, or be generated by removal of part or all of the solvent through methods such as evaporation, distillation, filtration (ex. nanofiltration, ultrafiltration), reverse osmosis, absorption and reaction, by adding an anti-solvent such as heptane, by cooling or by different combinations of these methods.

As described generally above, a salt compound of formula X is optionally isolated. It will be appreciated that a salt compound of formula X may be isolated by any suitable physical means known to one of ordinary skill in the art. In certain embodiments, precipitated solid salt compound of formula X is separated from the supernatant by filtration. In other embodiments, precipitated solid salt compound of formula X is separated from the supernatant by decanting the supernatant.

In certain embodiments, a salt compound of formula X is separated from the supernatant by filtration.

In certain embodiments, an isolated salt compound of formula X is dried in air. In other embodiments, isolated salt compound of formula X is dried under reduced pressure, optionally at elevated temperature.

Uses of Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions Thereof

Certain compounds described herein are found to be useful in scavenging toxic aldehydes, such as MDA and HNE. The compounds described herein undergo a Schiff base condensation with MDA, HNE, or other toxic aldehydes, and form a complex with the aldehydes in an energetically favorable reaction, thus reducing or eliminating aldehydes available for reaction with a protein, lipid, carbohydrate, or DNA. Importantly, compounds described herein can react with aldehydes to form a compound having a closed-ring structure that contains the aldehydes, thus trapping the aldehydes and preventing the aldehydes from being released back into the cellular milieu.

As used herein, the terms “treatment,” “treat,” and “treating” refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progress of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment is administered after one or more symptoms have developed. In other embodiments, treatment is administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment is administered to a susceptible individual prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and/or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment is also continued after symptoms have resolved, for example to prevent, delay or lessen the severity of their recurrence.

The invention relates to compounds described herein for the treatment, prevention, and/or reduction of a risk of diseases, disorders, or conditions in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis.

Examples of the diseases, disorders, or conditions in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated include an ocular disease, disorder, or condition, including, but not limited to, a corneal disease (e.g., dry eye syndrome, cataracts, keratoconus, bullous and other keratopathy, and Fuch's endothelial dystrophy), other ocular disorders or conditions (e.g., allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with PRK healing and other corneal healing, and conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction), and other ocular conditions associated with high aldehyde levels as a result of inflammation (e.g., uveitis, scleritis, ocular Stevens Johnson Syndrome, ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction)). In one example, the ocular disease, disorder, or condition is not macular degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration (“AMD”), or Stargardt' s disease. In a further example, the ocular disease, disorder, or condition is dry eye syndrome, ocular rosacea, or uveitis.

Examples of the diseases, disorders, conditions, or indications in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated also include non-ocular disorders, including psoriasis, topical (discoid) lupus, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, radiation dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome and other ichthyosis, solar elastosis/wrinkles, skin tone firmness, puffiness, eczema, smoke or irritant induced skin changes, dermal incision, a skin condition associated burn and/or wound, lupus, scleroderma, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, sepsis, atherosclerosis, ischemic-reperfusion injury, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, age-related disorders, and fibrotic diseases. In a further example, the non-ocular disorder is a skin disease, disorder, or condition selected from contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, and. radiation dermatitis. In another example, the non-ocular disorder is a skin disease, disorder, or condition selected from Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome and a cosmetic indication associated burn and/or wound.

In a further example, the diseases, disorders, or conditions in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated are an age-related disorder. Examples of age-related diseases, disorders, or conditions include wrinkles, dryness, and pigmentation of the skin.

Examples of the diseases, disorders, or conditions in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated further include conditions associated with the toxic effects of blister agents or burns from alkali agents. The compounds described herein reduce or eliminate toxic aldehydes and thus treat, prevent, and/or reduce a risk of these diseases or disorders.

In one embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment, prevention, and/or reduction of a risk of an ocular disease, disorder, or condition in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound described herein. The ocular disease, disorder, or condition includes, but is not limited to, a corneal disease (e.g., dry eye syndrome, cataracts, keratoconus, bullous and other keratopathy, and Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea), other ocular disorders or conditions (e.g., allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with PRK healing and other corneal healing, and conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction), and other ocular conditions where inflammation leads to high aldehyde levels (e.g., uveitis, scleritis, ocular Stevens Johnson Syndrome, ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction)). The ocular disease, disorder, or condition does not include macular degeneration, such as AMD, or Stargardt's disease. In one illustration, in the ocular disease, disorder, or condition, the amount or concentration of MDA or HNE is increased in the ocular tissues or cells. For example, the amount or concentration of aldehydes (e.g., MDA or HNE) is increased for at least 1.1 fold, 1.2 fold, 1.3 fold, 1.4 fold, 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 5 fold, 10 fold as compared to that in normal ocular tissues or cells. Compounds described herein, such as Compound 1, decrease aldehyde (e.g., MDA and HNE) concentration in a time-dependent manner. The amount or concentration of aldehydes (e.g., MDA or HNE) can be measured by methods or techniques known in the art, such as those described in Tukozkan et al., Furat Tip Dergisi 11: 88-92 (2006).

In one class, the ocular disease, disorder, or condition is dry eye syndrome. In a second class, the ocular disease, disorder, or condition is a condition associated with PRK healing and other corneal healing. For example, the invention is directed to advancing PRK healing or other corneal healing, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound described herein. In a third class, the ocular disease, disorder, or condition is an ocular condition associated with high aldehyde levels as a result of inflammation (e.g., uveitis, scleritis, ocular Stevens Johnson Syndrome, and ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction). In a fourth class, the ocular disease, disorder, or condition is keratoconus, cataracts, bullous and other keratopathy, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, or allergic conjunctivitis. The compound described herein may be administered topically or systemically, as described herein below.

In a second embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment, prevention, and/or reduction of a risk of a skin disorder or condition or a cosmetic indication, in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound described herein. The skin disorder or condition includes, but is not limited to, psoriasis, scleroderma, topical (discoid) lupus, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, radiation dermatitis, acne vulgaris, and Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome and other ichthyosis, and the cosmetic indication is solar elastosis/wrinkles, skin tone firmness, puffiness, eczema, smoke or irritant induced skin changes, dermal incision, or a skin condition associated burn and/or wound. In some embodiments, the invention related to age-related diseases, disorders, or conditions of the skin, as described herein.

Various skin disorders or conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, topical (discoid) lupus, psoriasis and scleroderma, are characterized by high MDA and HNE levels (Br J Dermatol 149: 248 (2003); JEADV 26: 833 (2012); Clin Rheumatol 25: 320 (2006)). In addition, ichthyosis characteristic of the Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome (SLS) originates from accumulation of fatty aldehydes, which disrupts the normal function and secretion of lamellar bodies (LB) and leads to intercellular lipid deposits in the Strateum Corneum (SC) and a defective water barrier in the skin layer (W. B. Rizzo et al. (2010)). The enzyme, fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, which metabolizes aldehydes is dysfunctional in SLS patients. Thus, compounds that reduce or eliminate aldehydes, such as the compounds described herein, can be used to treat, prevent, and/or reduction of a risk of skin disorders or conditions in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, such as those described herein. Furthermore, with an improvement to the water barrier and prevention of aldehyde-mediated inflammation (including fibrosis and elastosis (Chairpotto et al. (2005)), many cosmetic indications, such as solar elastosis/wrinkles, skin tone, firmness (puffiness), eczema, smoke or irritant induced skin changes and dermal incision cosmesis, and skin conditions associated with burn and/or wound can be treated using the method of the invention.

In one class, the skin disease, disorder, or condition is psoriasis, scleroderma, topical (discoid) lupus, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, radiation dermatitis, acne vulgaris, or Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome and other ichthyosis. In one exemplification, the skin disease, disorder, or condition is contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, radiation dermatitis, or Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome and other ichthyosis. In a second class, the cosmetic indication is solar elastosis/wrinkles, skin tone firmness, puffiness, eczema, smoke or irritant induced skin changes, dermal incision, or a skin condition associated burn and/or wound.

In a third embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment, prevention, and/or reduction of a risk of a condition associated with the toxic effects of blister agents or burns from alkali agents in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound described herein.

Blister agents include, but are not limited to, sulfur mustard, nitrogen mustard, and phosgene oxime. Toxic or injurious effects of blister agents include pain, irritation, and/or tearing in the skin, eye, and/or mucous, and conjunctivitis and/or corneal damage to the eye. Sulfur mustard is the compound bis(2-chlorethyl) sulfide. Nitrogen mustard includes the compounds bis(2-chlorethyl)ethylamine, bis(2-chlorethyl)methylamine, and tris(2-chlorethyl)amine. Sulfur mustard or its analogs can cause an increase in oxidative stress and in particular in HNE levels, and by depleting the antioxidant defense system and thereby increasing lipid peroxidation, may induce an oxidative stress response and thus increase aldehyde levels (Jafari et al. (2010); Pal et al. (2009)). Antioxidants, such as Silibinin, when applied topically, attenuate skin injury induced from exposure to sulfur mustard or its analogs, and increased activities of antioxidant enzymes may be a compensatory response to reactive oxygen species generated by the sulfur mustard (Jafari et al. (2010); Tewari-Singh et al. (2012)). Further, intervention to reduce free radical species was an effective treatment post exposure for phosgene induced lung injury (Sciuto et al. (2004)). Thus, compounds that reduce or eliminate aldehydes, such as compounds described herein, can be used to treat, prevent, and/or reduce a risk of a condition associated with the toxic effects of blister agents, such as sulfur mustard, nitrogen mustard, and phosgene oxime.

Alkali agents include, but are not limited to, lime, lye, ammonia, and drain cleaners. Compounds that reduce or eliminate aldehydes, such as compounds described herein, can be used to treat, prevent, and/or reduce a risk of a condition associated with burns from an alkali agent.

In a fourth embodiment, the invention relates to the treatment, prevention, and/or reduction of a risk of an autoimmune, immune-mediated, inflammatory, cardiovascular, or neurological disease, disorder, or condition, or metabolic syndrome, or diabetes, in which aldehyde toxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a compound described herein. The autoimmune or immune-mediated disease, disorder, or condition includes, but is not limited to, lupus, scleroderma, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and rheumatoid arthritis. The inflammatory disease, disorder, or condition includes, but is not limited to, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), sepsis, and fibrosis (e.g., renal, hepatic, pulmonary, and cardiac fibrosis). The cardiovascular disease, disorder, or condition includes, but is not limited to, atherosclerosis and ischemic-reperfusion injury. The neurological disease, disorder, or condition includes, but is not limited to, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, deficiency, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the neurological aspects of Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome (cognitive delay and spasticity).

A skilled person would understand that the disease, disorder, or condition listed herein may involve more than one pathological mechanism. For example, a disease, disorder, or condition listed herein may involve dysregulation in the immunological response and inflammatory response. Thus, the above categorization of a disease, disorder, or condition is not absolute, and the disease, disorder, or condition may be considered an immunological, an inflammatory, a cardiovascular, a neurological, and/or metabolic disease, disorder, or condition.

Individuals with deficiencies in aldehyde dehydrogenase are found to have high aldehyde levels and increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PNAS 110:636 (2013)) and Alzheimer's disease (BioChem Biophys Res Commun. 273:192 (2000)). In Parkinson's disease, aldehydes specifically interfere with dopamine physiology (Free Radic Biol Med, 51: 1302 (2011); Mol Aspects Med, 24: 293 (2003); Brain Res, 1145: 150 (2007)). In addition, aldehydes levels are elevated in multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, scleroderma, and fibrotic diseases, and increased levels of HNE and MDA are implicated in the progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes (J. Cell. Mol. Med., 15: 1339 (2011); Arthritis Rheum 62: 2064 (2010); Clin Exp Immunol, 101: 233 (1995); Int J Rheum Dis, 14: 325 (2011); JEADV 26: 833 (2012); Clin Rheumatol 25: 320 (2006); Gut 54: 987 (2005); J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 2119 (2009)). MDA is further implicated in the increased formation of foam cells leading to atherosclerosis (Leibundgut et al., Current Opinion in Pharmacology 13: 168 (2013)). Also, aldehyde-related toxicity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Bartoli et al., Mediators of Inflammation 2011, Article 891752). Thus, compounds that reduce or eliminate aldehydes, such as compounds described herein, can be used to treat, prevent, and/or reduce a risk of an autoimmune, immune-mediated, inflammatory, cardiovascular, or neurological disease, disorder, or condition, or metabolic syndrome, or diabetes. For example, compounds described herein prevent aldehyde-mediated cell death in neurons. Further, compounds described herein downregulate a broad spectrum of pro-inflammatory cytokines and/or upregulate anti-inflammatory cytokines, which indicates that compounds described herein are useful in treating inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

As discussed above, a disclosed composition may be administered to a subject in order to treat or prevent macular degeneration and other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin. Other diseases, disorders, or conditions characterized by the accumulation A2E may be similarly treated.

In one embodiment, a compound is administered to a subject that reduces the formation of A2E. For example, the compound may compete with PE for reaction with trans-RAL, thereby reducing the amount of A2E formed. In another embodiment, a compound is administered to a subject that prevents the accumulation of A2E. For example, the compound competes so successfully with PE for reaction with trans-RAL, no A2E is formed.

Individuals to be treated fall into three groups: (1) those who are clinically diagnosed with macular degeneration or other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin on the basis of visual deficits (including but not limited to dark adaptation, contrast sensitivity and acuity) as determined by visual examination and/or electroretinography, and/or retinal health as indicated by fundoscopic examination of retinal and RPE tissue for drusen accumulations, tissue atrophy and/or lipofuscin fluorescence; (2) those who are pre-symptomatic for macular degenerative disease but thought to be at risk based on abnormal results in any or all of the same measures; and (3) those who are pre-symptomatic but thought to be at risk genetically based on family history of macular degenerative disease and/or genotyping results showing one or more alleles or polymorphisms associated with the disease. The compositions are administered topically or systemically at one or more times per month, week or day. Dosages may be selected to avoid side effects, if any, on visual performance in dark adaptation. Treatment is continued for a period of at least one, three, six, or twelve or more months. Patients may be tested at one, three, six, or twelve months or longer intervals to assess safety and efficacy. Efficacy is measured by examination of visual performance and retinal health as described above.

In one embodiment, a subject is diagnosed as having symptoms of macular degeneration, and then a disclosed compound is administered. In another embodiment, a subject may be identified as being at risk for developing macular degeneration (risk factors include a history of smoking, age, female gender, and family history), and then a disclosed compound is administered. In another embodiment, a subject may have dry AMD in both eye, and then a disclosed compound is administered. In another embodiment, a subject may have wet AMD in one eye but dry AMD in the other eye, and then a disclosed compound is administered. In yet another embodiment, a subject may be diagnosed as having Stargardt disease and then a disclosed compound is administered. In another embodiment, a subject is diagnosed as having symptoms of other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin, and then the compound is administered. In another embodiment a subject may be identified as being at risk for developing other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin, and then the disclosed compound is administered. In some embodiments, a compound is administered prophylactically. In some embodiments, a subject has been diagnosed as having the disease before retinal damage is apparent. For example, a subject is found to carry a gene mutation for ABCA4 and is diagnosed as being at risk for Stargardt disease before any ophthalmologic signs are manifest, or a subject is found to have early macular changes indicative of macular degeneration before the subject is aware of any effect on vision. In some embodiments, a human subject may know that he or she is in need of the macular generation treatment or prevention.

In some embodiments, a subject may be monitored for the extent of macular degeneration. A subject may be monitored in a variety of ways, such as by eye examination, dilated eye examination, fundoscopic examination, visual acuity test, and/or biopsy. Monitoring can be performed at a variety of times. For example, a subject may be monitored after a compound is administered. The monitoring can occur, for example, one day, one week, two weeks, one month, two months, six months, one year, two years, five years, or any other time period after the first administration of a compound. A subject can be repeatedly monitored. In some embodiments, the dose of a compound may be altered in response to monitoring.

In some embodiments, the disclosed methods may be combined with other methods for treating or preventing macular degeneration or other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin, such as photodynamic therapy. For example, a patient may be treated with more than one therapy for one or more diseases or disorders. For example, a patient may have one eye afflicted with dry form AMD, which is treated with a compound of the invention, and the other eye afflicted with wet form AMD which is treated with, e.g., photodynamic therapy.

In some embodiments, a compound for treating or preventing macular degeneration or other forms of retinal disease whose etiology involves the accumulation of A2E and/or lipofuscin may be administered chronically. The compound may be administered daily, more than once daily, twice a week, three times a week, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, semi-annually, annually, and/or biannually.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a bioactive signalling molecule with diverse cellular functions, is irreversibly degraded by the endoplasmic reticulum enzyme sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase, generating trans-2-hexadecenal and phosphoethanolamine. It has been demonstrated that trans-2-hexadecenal causes cytoskeletal reorganization, detachment, and apoptosis in multiple cell types via a JNK-dependent pathway. See Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Jul 20;424(1):18-21. These findings and the known chemistry of related α,β-unsaturated aldehydes raise the possibility that trans-2-hexadecenal interact with additional cellular components. It was shown that it reacts readily with deoxyguanosine and DNA to produce the diastereomeric cyclic 1,N(2)-deoxyguanosine adducts 3-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8R-hydroxy-6R-tridecylpyrimido [1,2-a]purine-10(3H)one and 3 -(2-deoxy-(3-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-8 S-hydroxy-6 S-tridecylpyrimido[1,2-a]purine-10(3H)one. These findings demonstrate that trans-2-hexadecenal produced endogenously by sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase react directly with DNA forming aldehyde-derived DNA adducts with potentially mutagenic consequences.

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD), also known as 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria or gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, is the most prevalent autosomal-recessively inherited disorder of GABA metabolism (Vogel et al 2013), manifests a phenotype of developmental delay and hypotonia in early childhood, and severe expressive language impairment and obsessive-compulsive disorder in adolescence and adulthood. Epilepsy occurs in half of patients, usually as generalized tonic-clonic seizures although sometimes absence and myoclonic seizures occur (Pearl et al 2014). Greater than two-thirds of patients manifest neuropsychiatric problems (i.e., ADHD, OCD and aggression) in adolescence and adulthood, which can be disabling. Metabolically, there is accumulation of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), a neuromodulatory monocarboxylic acid (Snead and Gibson 2005). In addition, several other intermediates specific to this disorder have been detected both in patients and the corresponding murine model. Vigabatrin (VGB; γ-vinylGABA), an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, is a logical choice for treatment of SSADH deficiency because it will prevent the conversion of GABA to GHB. Outcomes have been mixed, and in selected patients treatment has led to deterioration (Good 2011; Pellock 2011; Escalera et al 2010; Casarano et al 2011; Matern et al 1996; Al-Essa et al 2000). Targeted therapy for SSADH deficiency remains elusive and interventions palliative.

As discussed above, the compounds of the disclosure are used to treat inflammatory disorders. In some embodiments, the compounds are administered in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject to treat a systemic inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the systemic inflammatory disorder is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), psoriasis, IBS (irritable bowel syndrome or spastic colon), including spastic colon, ankylosing spondylitis, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), atherosclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, atopic dermatitis, rosacea, multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), lupus nephritis, sepsis, eosinophilic esophagitis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), fibrotic renal disease, chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, pre-clampsia, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), reduced female fertility, reduced sperm viability and motility, or cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are used to treat a systemic disease, disorder, or condition. In some embodiments, the systemic disease, disorder, or condition is light chain deposition disease, IgA nephropathy, end stage renal disease, gout, pseudogout, diabetic nephrophathy, diabetic neuropathy, traumatic brain injury, noise-induced hearing loss, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington Disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, uterine leiomyoma, sarcoidosis, or chronic kidney disease. In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat ulcerative colitis (UC).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat psoriasis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) or spastic colon.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat ankylosing spondylitis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat osteoporosis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat psoriatic arthritis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat interstitial lung disease (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat atherosclerosis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat psoriatic arthritis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat atopic dermatitis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat rosacea.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat multiple sclerosis (MS).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat lupus nephritis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat sepsis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat eosinophilic esophagitis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat chronic kidney disease (CKD).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat fibrotic renal disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat extrinsic allergic alveolitis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat pre-clampsia.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat endometriosis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat reduced female fertility.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat reduced sperm viability and motility.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is an ocular inflammatory disorder. In some embodiments, the ocular inflammatory disorder is diabetic macular edema (DME), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), dry eye disease (DED), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), dry eye disease with allergic conjunctivitis, noninfectious anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, pan-uveitis, post-surgical ocular pain and inflammation.

In some embodiments, the compound of the disclosure is administered in an effective amount for the prevention of corneal fibrosis after radial keratotomy, prevention of corneal fibrosis after trauma or exposure to vesicants, or prevention of corneal fibrosis after infection.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat diabetic macular edema (DME). In some embodiments, the diabetic macular edema for treatment is non-clinically significant macular edema (Non-CSME). In some embodiments, the diabetic macular edema for treatment is clinically significant macular edema (CSME).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat uveitis, including pan-uveitis, anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, and non-infectious uveitis, which are ocular disorders that can be secondary to a primary underlying disorder. Some of the disorders with which meitis is sometimes associated are Behcet's syndrome, ankyiosing spondylitis, Lyme disease, sarcoidosis, and psoriasis. tiveitis is an inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It is associated with blurred vision; seeing dark, floating spots (“floaters”); eye pain, redness of the eye, and sensitivity to light (photophobia). A standard course of therapy for uveitis is a topical corticosteroid, and in some instances, a dilator such cyclopentolate, or an immunomodulatory agent.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) or vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat age-related macular degeneration (AMID).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat dry eye disease (DED).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat allergic conjunctivitis (AC).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat dry eye disease with allergic conjunctivitis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat post-surgical ocular pain and inflammation.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for prevention of corneal fibrosis after radial keratotomy.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for prevention of corneal fibrosis after trauma.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for prevention of corneal fibrosis after infection.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount to treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of light chain deposition disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of IgA nephropathy.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of end stage renal disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of gout.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of pseudogout.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of diabetic nephrophathy.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of diabetic neuropathy.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of traumatic brain injury.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of noise-induced hearing loss.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of Alzheimer's Disease,

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of Parkinson's disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of Huntington Disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of primary biliary cirrhosis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of uterine leiomyoma.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of sarcoidosis.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure are administered in an effective amount for treatment and/or prevention of chronic kidney disease.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

The compounds and compositions, according to the method of the present invention, are administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of a disorder provided above. The exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like. Compounds of the invention are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The expression “dosage unit form” as used herein refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the patient to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The specific effective dose level for any particular patient or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), buccally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the invention are administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.

Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S.P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

Injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

In order to prolong the effect of a compound of the present invention, it is often desirable to slow the absorption of the compound from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends upon its rate of dissolution that, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

The active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. In such solid dosage forms the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention. Additionally, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

The compounds of the invention can also be administered topically, such as directly to the eye, e.g., as an eye-drop or ophthalmic ointment. Eye drops typically comprise an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention and a carrier capable of being safely applied to an eye. For example, the eye drops are in the form of an isotonic solution, and the pH of the solution is adjusted so that there is no irritation of the eye. In many instances, the epithelial barrier interferes with penetration of molecules into the eye. Thus, most currently used ophthalmic drugs are supplemented with some form of penetration enhancer. These penetration enhancers work by loosening the tight junctions of the most superior epithelial cells (Burstein, 1985, Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 104(Pt 4): 402-9; Ashton et al., 1991, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259(2): 719-24; Green et al., 1971, Am J Ophthalmol 72(5): 897-905). The most commonly used penetration enhancer is benzalkonium chloride (Tang et al., 1994, J Pharm Sci 83(1): 85-90; Burstein et al, 1980, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19(3): 308-13), which also works as preservative against microbial contamination. It is typically added to a final concentration of 0.01-0.05%.

The term “biological sample”, as used herein, includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof

All features of each of the aspects of the invention apply to all other aspects mutatis mutandis.

In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.

EXEMPLIFICATION

As depicted in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures. It will be appreciated that, although the general methods depict the synthesis of certain compounds of the present invention, the following general methods, and other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, can be applied to all compounds and subclasses and species of each of these compounds, as described herein.

General Procedures

X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis was carried out on a PANalytical X′pert pro, scanning the samples between 3 and 35° 2θ. The material was gently ground to release any agglomerates and loaded onto a multi-well plate with Kapton or Mylar polymer film to support the sample. The multi-well plate was then placed into the diffractometer and analysed using Cu K radiation (α₁λ=1.54060 Å; α₂=1.54443 Å. β=1.39225 Å; α₁: α₂ ratio=0.5) running in transmission mode (step size 0.0130° 2θ) using 40 kV/40 mA generator settings.

Polarised Light Microscopy (PLM) was used to determine the presence of crystallinity (birefringence) with an Olympus BX50 polarising microscope, equipped with a Motic camera and image capture software (Motic Images Plus 2.0). All images were recorded using the 20× objective, unless otherwise stated.

Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA): approximately, 5 mg of material was weighed into an open aluminium pan and loaded into a simultaneous thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyser (TG/DTA) and held at room temperature. The sample was then heated at a rate of 10° C/min from 20° C. to 300° C. during which time the change in sample weight was recorded along with any differential thermal events (DTA). Nitrogen was used as the purge gas, at a flow rate of 300 cm³/min.

Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC): approximately, 5 mg of material was weighed into an aluminium DSC pan and sealed non-hermetically with a pierced aluminium lid. The sample pan was then loaded into a Seiko DSC6200 (equipped with a cooler) cooled and held at 20° C. Once a stable heat-flow response was obtained, the sample and reference were heated to an upper temperature limit at a scan rate of 10° C./min and the resulting heat flow response monitored. Nitrogen was used as the purge gas, at a flow rate of 50 cm³/min

Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS): approximately, 10 mg of sample was placed into a mesh vapour sorption balance pan and loaded into a DVS-1 dynamic vapour sorption balance, a DVS Intrinsic dynamic vapour sorption balance or a DVS Advantage dynamic vapour sorption balance by Surface Measurement Systems. The sample was subjected to a ramping profile from 40-90% relative humidity (RH) at 10% increments, maintaining the sample at each step until a stable weight had been achieved (dm/dt 0.004%, minimum step length 30 minutes, maximum step length 500 minutes) at 25° C. After completion of the sorption cycle, the sample was dried using the same procedure to 0% RH and then a second sorption cycle back to 40% RH. Two cycles were performed. The weight change during the sorption/desorption cycles were plotted, allowing for the hygroscopic nature of the sample to be determined. XRPD analysis was then carried out on any solid retained.

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectra were collected on a Bruker AVIIIHD spectrometer equipped with a DCH cryoprobe operating at 500.12MHz for protons. Experiments were performed in deuterated DMSO and each sample was prepared to ca. 10 mM concentration.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV) parameters were as follows: Column: AC Excel 3 C18-AR 75×4 6 mm 3 μm; Column Temperature: 30° C.; Autosampler Temperature: Ambient; UV wavelength: 275 nm; Injection Volume: 6 μL; Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Mobile Phase A: 0.1% TFA in water; Mobile Phase B: 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile; and a gradient program as shown below.

Time (minutes) Solvent B [%] 0 5 10 95 12.5 95 12.75 5 15 5

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) parameters were as follows: Column: ACE Excel 3 Super C18, 75 mm×4.6mm, 3 μm; Mobile Phase A: 0.1% Formic Acid in Deionised water; Mobile Phase B: 0.1% Formic Acid in Acetonitrile; Diluent: Acetonitrile; Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min; Runtime: 20 minutes; Column Temperature: 30° C.; Injection Volume: 10 μL; Needle Wash: Acetonitrile, Vial position # 100; PDA Range: 190-400 nm; a gradient program as shown below:

Time (minutes) Solvent B (%) 0.00 5 12.00 95 15.00 95 15.10 5 20.00 5 with Both +ve and -ve ESI used; Capillary temp: 200° C.; Sheath Gas Flow: 20.0; Source Voltage: 4.50 kV; Source Current: 80.00 uA; Capillary Voltage: 8.0 V; Tube Lens Offset: 40.00 V.

Gravimetric Vapour Sorption (GVS): approximately 10-20 mg of sample was placed into a mesh vapour sorption balance pan and loaded into an IGASorp Moisture Sorption Analyser balance by Hiden Analytical. The sample was subjected to a ramping profile from 40-90% relative humidity (RH) at 10% increments, maintaining the sample at each step until a stable weight had been achieved (98% step completion, minimum step length 30 minutes, maximum step length 60 minutes) at 25° C. After completion of the sorption cycle, the sample was dried using the same procedure to 0% RH, and finally taken back to the starting point of 40% RH. Two cycles were performed. The weight change during the sorption/desorption cycles were plotted, allowing for the hygroscopic nature of the sample to be determined.

Primary Salt Screening

Approximately 1.7 g of Compound A was added to a bottle and dissolved in 34 mL of acetone, concentration of 50 mg/mL. 400 μL (20 mg of freebase) of the stock solution was then dispensed into 84 vials and the acetone allowed to evaporate. 1M stock solutions of each counterion were prepared in either THF, ethanol or water, where appropriate as outlined in Table 27. L-aspartic acid was added as neat counterion due to low solubility. 1.05 equivalents of each counterion was added at room temperature and observations made. 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid was supplied as a sodium salt and had 1.05 equivalents of HCl added after counterion addition. All samples were then temperature cycled using the following procedure: a) Heat to 40° C., hold for 1 hour; b) Cooled to room temperature, hold for 3 hours; c) Heat to 40° C., hold for 1 hour; and d) Samples were held at 5° C. overnight.

All samples displaying solutions had the lids removed from the vials and were allowed to evaporate at ambient temperature. Samples with solid material had the mother liquor removed and the solids analyzed by XRPD. The mother liquor was transferred to a new sample vial and stored at 5° C. to allow for further precipitation. The analyzed solids on the XRPD plate were exposed to 40° C/75% RH conditions for 6 hours before analysis by XRPD.

TABLE 27 Solvents Used to make Acid Stock Solutions Solvent used for 1M Stock Counterion Solution Hydrochloroic Acid THF Sulphuric acid 98% THF 1-2-Ethanedisulfonic acid Ethanol p-Toluenesulfonic acid Ethanol Methanesulfonic acid THF Benzenesulfonic acid THF Oxalic acid THF 2-Hydroxyethanesulfonic Water Acid L-Aspartic acid Neat Addition Maleic acid THF Phosphoric acid THF Ethanesulfonic acid THF Malonic Acid THF L-Tartaric Acid THF

Secondary Salt Screening

Compound 5, Form C, Compound 1, Form A, Compound 6, Form A, Compound 7, Form B and Compound 8, Form A were scaled up as described below.

Example A General Preparation of Compound A

The title compound was prepared as described below and depicted in Scheme 1.

Step 1: Synthesis of Compound A2

A 30 L jacketed vessel equipped with mechanical agitation, baffle and nitrogen bleed was charged with methanol (10 L). Compound A1 (2.0 kg) was added, followed by further methanol to rinse (9 L). The reaction mixture was warmed to T_(jacket)=40° C. Once temperature had stabilized, sulfuric acid (220 mL, 0.4 eq.) was slowly added. Once addition was complete, agitation was maintained for 30 mins then the vessel was heated to T_(jint)=62° C. Reaction progress was monitored by LC-MS analysis of reaction mixture. The reaction does not go to completion but is deemed complete when no change is apparent in ratio of starting material : product.

The vessel contents were cooled to T_(jint)=24° C. and stirred 60 minutes before filtration under vacuum. The filter cake was air dried for 2 hours and the contents then dissolved in ethyl acetate (18 L) which was then washed sequentially with saturated sodium bicarbonate (8 L), water (8 L) and brine (8 L) before drying over sodium sulfate, filtration and evaporation in vacuo. Compound A2 (1.5 kg, 68.1%) was obtained as a bright orange powder.

Step 2: Synthesis of Compound A3

A 30 L jacketed vessel equipped with mechanical agitation, baffle and nitrogen bleed was charged with N,N-dimethylformamide (16 L). Compound A2 (1.5 kg) was added and the brown reaction mixture set to cool to T_(int)<20° C. Once temperature had stabilized, N-bromosuccinimide (1.5 kg, 1.1 eq.) was added portion wise, maintaining Tint<27° C. Once addition was complete, the reaction was allowed to stir until starting material content was <1% AUC (250nm) by LCMS analysis.

A secondary jacketed vessel equipped with mechanical agitation, baffle and nitrogen bleed was charged with ethyl acetate (16 L) and deionized water (22 L). The reaction mixture was vacuum transferred into this vessel and held at high agitation for not less than 30 minutes. The aqueous layer was discharged and the organic layer washed with saturated sodium chloride (2×8 L) then dried over sodium sulfate before evaporation in vacuo to Compound A3 as a deep brown oil (2.1 kg, 100.8%), suitable for use in following step without purification.

Step 3: Synthesis of Compound A4

A 30 L jacketed vessel equipped with mechanical agitation, baffle and nitrogen bleed was charged with dichloromethane (9 L). Compound A3 (2.1 kg) was added and the reaction mixture cooled to Tint<1° C. A solution of Di-tent-butyl dicarbonate (3.6 kg, 2.2 eq.) in dichloromethane (0.5 L) was added followed by a solution of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (92g, 0.1 eq.) in dichloromethane (0.5 L). The resultant clear brown solution was stirred for 30 minutes whereupon pyridine (1.3 L, 1.7 eq.) was dropwise added, maintaining Tint<5° C. Upon complete addition internal temperature was ramped from Tint=1° C. to Tint=20° C. over 18 hours.

The reaction mixture was sequentially washed with saturated sodium chloride (3 x 4.5 L), 10% w/v, aqueous citric acid (2×4 L), saturated sodium bicarbonate (4 L), aqueous hydrochloric acid (1M, 4 L), saturated sodium bicarbonate (4 L) and saturated sodium chloride (4 L) then dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo with one azeotropic distillation with toluene (2 L) to a very dark, heavy tar (3.4 kg).

The isolated tar was mixed with absolute ethanol (3.1 L) for 2 days whereupon it was filtered providing light cream colored, granular solids and a black mother liquor. The solids were washed with ice-cold ethanol (3×1 L) and dried to constant mass. Compound A4 was obtained as off-white granules (1.7 kg, 50.2%).

Step 4: Synthesis of Compound A5

A 30 L jacketed vessel equipped with mechanical agitation, baffle and nitrogen bleed was charged with reagent alcohol (6.1 L) and Compound A4 (0.8 kg), Tmt<20° C. Iron powder (0.5 kg, 5.0 eq.) was added and the suspension stirred vigorously for 30 minutes. Acetic acid (glacial, 1.6 L, 15.7 eq.) was added, maintaining T_(int)<30C.

Once LCMS confirmed complete consumption of starting material, ethyl acetate (10.2 L) and water (10.2 L) were added. Sodium bicarbonate (2.3 kg, 15.9 eq.) was added portion wise and the layers separated once gas evolution had ceased. The aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate until LCMS indicated no further product was being extracted (8×2 L) and the combined organic layers were sequentially washed with deionized water (6 L) then saturated sodium chloride (6 L) before drying over magnesium sulfate and evaporation in vacuo. Compound A5 was obtained as a light orange solid (0.7 kg, 91.5%).

Step 5: Synthesis of Compound A6

A 30 L jacketed vessel equipped with mechanical agitation, baffle and nitrogen bleed was charged with dichloromethane (9 L), Compound A5 (0.7 kg), and the reaction mixture cooled to T_(int) 20° C. Benzoyl chloride (0.3 L, 1.5 eq.) was added and the reaction stirred 15 minutes. N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (7g, 0.04 eq.) in dichloromethane (0.1 L) was added and the reaction stirred 15 minutes. Pyridine (0.5 L, 2.5 eq.) was dropwise added, maintaining T_(int) <20° C. Upon complete addition the reaction was stirred until LCMS indicated consumption of starting material.

The reaction mixture was washed with deionized water (11 L) and the organic layer extracted sequentially with aqueous hydrochloric acid (1M, 3×5 L), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (11 L), saturated sodium chloride (11 L), dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo. Compound A6 was obtained as a cream colored solid, suitable for use without further purification (0.9 kg, 100.7%).

Step 6: Synthesis of Compound A7

A 30 L jacketed vessel equipped with mechanical agitation, baffle and nitrogen bleed was charged with 1,2-dimethoxyethane (16 L) and temperature set to T_(int)=21° C. Compound A6 (0.9 kg) was added and stirred to dissolution. Copper iodide (0.3 kg, 1.0 eq.) was added and the mixture stirred 15 minutes. 1,10-phenanthroline (0.3 kg, 1.2 eq.) was added and the mixture stirred 15 minutes. Cesium carbonate (1.5 kg, 3.0 eq.) was added and the reaction was stirred for 15 minutes. The reaction temperature was ramped to T_(int=)80-85° C. and maintained for 23 hours whereupon it was cooled to T_(int)=20° C.

The reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad, washing sequentially with deionized water (8 L) and ethyl acetate (8 L). The organic layer was extracted sequentially with deionized water (2×5 L), saturated sodium chloride (4 L), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo. Compound A7 was obtained as a brown solid, suitable for use without further purification (0.8 kg, 104.1%).

Step 7: Synthesis of Compound A8

A 12 L 3-neck round bottom flask with nitrogen bleed and mechanical stirring was charged with a solution of Compound A7 (0.8 kg) in dichloromethane (3.6 L) and cooled to T_(int)<5° C. in an ice bath. Hydrochloric acid in dioxane (4M, 1.2 L, 3.1 eq.) was added dropwise with vigorous stirring, maintaining T_(int)<25° C. Once addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 18 hours at T_(int) 20-25° C.

The reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake washed with dichloromethane (2×1 L) and dried to constant mass. The hydrochloride salt of Compound A8 was isolated as an off-white solid (0.5 kg, 88.7%).

Step 8: Synthesis of Compound A

A 12 L 3-neck round bottom flask with nitrogen bleed and mechanical stirring was charged with a solution of Compound A8 (0.5 kg) in tetrahydrofuran (4.8 L) and cooled to T_(int)<−30° C. in a dry-ice/acetone bath. Methylmagnesium bromide (3.4M in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 2.4 L, 5.0 eq.) was added slowly, maintaining T_(int)<−10° C. Once addition was complete, the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight.

Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (2 L) and ethyl acetate (2 L) were added and the reaction mixture stirred for 30 minutes. The aqueous layer was extracted with further ethyl acetate (2×2 L) and the combined organic layers washed with saturated sodium chloride (2 L), dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo to a dark heavy oil. The heavy oil was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate:heptane 1:19 to 1:1. Pure Compound A was obtained after evaporation and drying as a brown powder (99.8 g, 23.0%).

Example 1 Preparation of Free Base Forms A, B and C of Compound A

Primary Polymorph Screen

Based on solubility screen results, a primary polymorph screen using an initial set of 24 solvents, as shown in Table 18, was performed as follows: A) To 24×20 mL vials, approximately 50 mg of the received ADX-103 was added; B) The solids were then slurried in 2 mL of the solvents and left placed in an incubator/shaker to temperature cycle between ambient and 40° C. in 4 hour cycles; C) After 72 hours temperature cycling, the mother liquors were removed from the vials and split evenly between 4×2 mL vials. The vials were then split between evaporation, crash cooling to 2° C. and −18° C. and anti-solvent addition; and D) Any solids recovered were analysed by XRPD, any new patterns identified were also analysed by TG/DTA and PLM.

TABLE 18 Solvents Selected for Initial Primary Polymorph Screen Solvent System ICH Class 1 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 2 2 1,4-Dioxane 2 3 2-Butanone 3 4 2-Ethoxyethanol 2 5 2-Methoxyethanol 2 6 2-Methyl THF Unclassified 7 Methanol:water (40:60 N/A v/v%) 8 Methanol:water (80:20 N/A v/v%) 9 Methanol:water (95:5 N/A v/v%) 10 Acetone 3 11 Acetonitrile 2 12 Dichloromethane 2 13 Dimethylacetamide 2 14 Dimethylformamide 2 15 Dimethylsulfoxide 3 16 Ethanol 3 17 Ethyl Acetate 3 18 Isopropyl Acetate 3 19 Methanol 2 20 Methylisobutyl ketone 3 21 Propan-1-ol 3 22 Propan-2-ol 3 23 Tetrahydrofuran 2 24 Water N/A

Evaporation: The 24 vials containing mother liquor were un-capped and left to evaporate at ambient temperature for a minimum of 72 hours. Once fully evaporated, any solids present were analysed in the first instance by XRPD. The vials were left evaporating for a total of 3 weeks with any observations noted throughout this time.

Crash Cooling to 2° C.: After temperature cycling the mother liquor samples for crash cooling were capped and crash cooled to 2° C. and left to stand. The samples were held at this temperature for a minimum of 72 hours. When sufficient solid was noted the samples were separated and the solids analysed by XRPD in the first instance. Samples which did not return solid were stored at 2° C. for up to 2 weeks.

Crash Cooling to -18° C.: After temperature cycling the mother liquor samples for crash cooling were capped and crash cooled to −18° C. and left to stand. The samples were held at this temperature for a minimum of 72 hours. When sufficient solid was noted the samples were separated and the solids analysed by XRPD in the first instance. Samples which did not return solid were stored at −18° C. for up to 2 weeks.

Secondary Polymorph Screen

Following the primary polymorph screen, Compound A, Forms B and C were selected for scale-up.

Compound A, Forms B Scale-Up: Approximately 200 mg of Compound A material was added to a 20 mL vial and dissolved in 4 mL acetone. The vial was then temperature cycled between ambient temperature and 40° C. in 4 hour cycles for approximately 72 hours. After 72 hours the vial was removed from the incubator/shaker and left uncapped to evaporate at ambient temperature. After 24 hours the sample had fully evaporated and the resulting solid material was analysed by XRPD. Once formation of Compound A, Form B was confirmed by XRPD, the material was further characterized by PLM, TG/DTA, DSC, NMR, DVS with post-DVS XRPD analysis, LC-MS and HPLC purity.

Compound A, Forms C Scale-Up: Approximately 200 mg of Compound A material was added to a 20 mL vial and dissolved in 12 mL acetonitrile. The vial was then temperature cycled between ambient temperature and 40° C. in 4 hour cycles for approximately 72 hours. After 72 hours the vial was removed from the incubator/shaker and placed in the freezer at −18° C. After 72 hours solid was noted in the vial and sample was separated. The solid was then dried for ca. 30 minutes at ambient before being analysed by XRPD. Once formation of Compound A, Form C was confirmed by XRPD, the material was further characterized by PLM, TG/DTA, DSC, NMR, DVS with post-DVS XRPD analysis, LC-MS and HPLC purity.

Compound A was characterised as crystalline Form A, with a rod-like morphology and a purity of 94.4%. Prior to melt at onset 156° C., a weight loss of 1.1% is noted in the TGA. NMR analysis of the material was consistent with the received structure for Compound A. The received material also had a mass of 268 m/z by LC-MS analysis. DVS analysis of Form A showed the material to be slightly hygroscopic, with an uptake of 0.6% at 90% RH. Post-DVS the material was found to be consistent with the input material by XRPD.

Several attempts were made to produce amorphous material for screening, through rotary evaporation in 4 solvents and freeze drying from 1, 4-dioxane. All 5 attempts produced crystalline Form A material when analysed by XRPD.

The primary polymorph screen was carried out using a total of 28 solvent systems and 7 experimental techniques. The majority of solids recovered were identified as Form A by XRPD, with 2 other patterns also being identified. Form B was identified from evaporation after temperature cycling in acetone and from temperature cycling in acetone:water (75:25 v/v %). Form C was identified from crash cooling to −18° C. after temperature cycling in acetonitrile.

Scale up of both Forms B and C was carried out on the 200 mg scale. Form B was produced from acetone through evaporation. Characterisation of the solid, indicated the material had long lath-like crystals, with the remaining parameters consistent with the previously produced Form B material. Further analysis of the solid by NMR and mass spectrometry identified the material as an imine. After 1 week stability all three conditions returned material identified as Form B. Material stored at 40° C/75% RH showed no significant change in purity over the stability period, while the material stored at 80° C. had a decrease in purity. The material stored at ambient conditions showed a slight increase in purity compared to the input material.

Form C material was produced through crash cooling to −18° C. in acetonitrile, the material produced through this scale-up was identified as being similar to the previous Form C material. Despite offering a higher melt, the material was found to readily convert to ADX-103 Form A when ground to return a mixture of Forms A and C. PLM analysis showed birefringent particles with no clear morphology, while analysis by DVS indicated that the material was slightly hygroscopic with the uptake similar to that of Form A material. Post-DVS the material was found to be Form A by XRPD. After 1 week under stability conditions all three samples were noted to have converted to Form A by XRPD. The purity of Form C stability samples showed limited change over the stability period, with a slight drop at 40° C/75% RH by 0.1% and no change at the other conditions from the input Form C purity.

Free base competitive slurries:

This set of experiments was performed using various solvents and solvent combinations. Competitive slurries using Forms A and C were carried out in 4 selected solvents. To 4×1.5 mL vials, approximately 5 mg of each pattern was added. The solvents tested and material added are shown in Table 29. Once a slurry was produced the vials were sealed and then mixed at ambient temperature for approximately 24 hours. After 24 hours, any solid present was analysed by XRPD. After 24 hours at ambient, the ethanol:MTBE sample was noted to have dissolved. This experiment was repeated using a different ethanol:MTBE solvent ratio and a lower solvent volume. This is labelled as number 5 in Table 29 and was left to slurry at ambient for a further 24 hours.

TABLE 29 Solvents for Competitive Slurries Solvent System Solvent Added 1 Acetonitrile 300 μL 2 Heptane 500 μL 3 Water 500 μL 4 Ethanol:MTBE (25:75 v/v %) 400 μL 5 Ethanol:MTBE (9:91 v/v %) 220 μL

After 24 hours at ambient, any solids were analysed by XRPD and the results are shown in Table 30. All solids recovered were identified as Form A by XRPD. Due to the small amount of solid present after slurrying in the ethanol:MTBE (9:91 v/v %) sample, the resulting diffractogram is partially crystalline.

TABLE 30 Summary of results obtained from competitive slurries for Forms A and C of Compound A Solvent System Observations Solid Form 1 Acetonitrile Pale yellow slurry Form A 2 Heptane Pale yellow slurry Form A 3 Water Pale yellow slurry Form A 4 Ethanol:MTBE Solution - Form A (post-evaporation) (25:75 v/v %) Evaporated 5 Ethanol:MTBE Fine white slurry Partially crystalline - due (9:91 v/v %) to remaining solid amount

Competitive slurries between Forms A and C show conversion of the samples to Form A material in all 5 solvents tested.

Form A of Compound A

Form A of compound A was prepared as described above.

Table 1, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound A.

TABLE 1 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound A Position [°2θ] d-spacing [Å] Intensity [%] 3.2 27.28 1.14 7.7 11.43 7.56 8.1 10.95 38.09 8.2 10.76 91.34 10.0 8.88 13.32 11.4 7.74 1.39 11.9 7.42 7.14 12.5 7.09 2.95 13.1 6.74 7.76 15.5 5.71 8.39 16.0 5.54 9.77 16.2 5.48 8.31 16.5 5.38 100 17.3 5.12 13.19 18.0 4.93 2.94 18.7 4.74 13.93 19.3 4.60 57.84 19.7 4.51 2.69 20.0 4.44 5.43 20.5 4.33 22.91 20.9 4.25 26.84 21.2 4.19 13.21 21.5 4.12 14.05 21.6 4.11 14.11 22.2 4.00 58.27 23.0 3.86 34.23 23.5 3.78 16.78 24.3 3.65 23.53 24.4 3.64 28.46 25.1 3.55 3.26 26.5 3.36 9.71 26.7 3.34 2.25 27.7 3.21 18.48 28.3 3.16 12.94 29.2 3.06 4.15 29.5 3.03 5.94 31.3 2.86 1.67 31.6 2.83 5.39 32.1 2.79 1.92 32.5 2.76 3.25 32.8 2.73 4.02 33.3 2.69 3.1 33.6 2.67 1.93 34.4 2.61 3.22

FIG. 1 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound A.

FIG. 2 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound A.

Form B of Compound A

Form B of compound A was prepared as described above.

Table 2, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form B of compound A.

TABLE 2 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound A Position [°2θ] d-spacing [Å] Intensity [%] 7.7 11.54 2.49 7.9 11.13 8.72 10.2 8.70 100 10.4 8.50 2.41 11.5 7.70 76.63 14.8 5.99 0.91 15.3 5.78 25.42 15.9 5.58 0.87 16.7 5.31 0.71 18.0 4.94 3.61 18.4 4.83 0.75 19.5 4.56 42.49 19.6 4.53 17.48 22.1 4.03 1.55 23.0 3.86 2.62 23.3 3.82 52.46 23.4 3.81 22.36 23.5 3.78 4.45 23.9 3.71 0.6 24.6 3.62 1.47 25.1 3.55 4.52 27.9 3.20 6.45 28.7 3.11 1.88 29.3 3.04 0.63 30.1 2.97 2.08 30.8 2.90 2.57 32.5 2.75 0.59

FIG. 3 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form B of compound A.

FIG. 4 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form B of compound A.

Form C of Compound A

Form C of compound A was prepared as described above.

Table 3, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form C of compound A.

TABLE 3 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound A Position [°2θ] d-spacing [Å] Intensity [%] 3.4 26.07 2.1 8.0 11.10 5.02 9.7 9.16 2.8 9.9 8.91 7.37 15.8 5.60 31.93 16.5 5.37 1.79 18.0 4.92 2.07 18.4 4.82 8.12 18.7 4.74 3.04 19.1 4.64 5.17 19.9 4.46 1.21 20.6 4.30 8.97 22.8 3.91 2.76 23.0 3.85 100 23.1 3.85 38.65 24.2 3.67 7.44 25.0 3.55 11.4 25.4 3.50 2.21 28.6 3.12 7.99 30.4 2.93 13.36 30.7 2.90 12.16 30.8 2.90 5.92 32.0 2.79 1.4 33.3 2.69 2.59 34.5 2.59 8.17

FIG. 5 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form C of compound A.

FIG. 6 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form C of compound A.

Example 2 Preparation of Forms A, B and C of Compound 1

Form A of Compound 1

Form A of compound 1 was prepared as described above. Form A of compound 1 was scaled-up as follows.

Approximately 500 mg of Compound A was added to a 20 mL scintillation vial and dissolved in 3 mL of THF with brief sonication. 1.05 equivalents of neat methanesulfonic acid was added at room temperature and no immediate precipitation observed. After 30 seconds a solid mass was formed, a further 3 mL of THF was added and a slurry produced. The sample was temperature cycled between ambient and 40° C. (4 hours at each temperature) for ca. 72 hours. The sample was then filtered using a Buchner flask and funnel and the solids dried at ambient temperature under vacuum for ca. 16 hours. The solid material was analyzed by XRPD, VT-XRPD, PLM, TG/DTA, DSC, DVS/GVS, FT-IR, NMR and HPLC.

Table 4, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 1.

TABLE 4 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 1 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 7.5 11.80 17.48 11.7 7.59 18.16 11.9 7.45 21.95 14.1 6.28 12.33 14.9 5.96 25.10 17.7 5.01 26.50 18.3 4.85 8.36 19.2 4.61 100.00 19.9 4.46 8.00 21.8 4.07 5.45 23.0 3.87 6.43 23.8 3.73 24.50 23.9 3.73 23.49 24.5 3.64 6.36 25.7 3.46 5.38 26.5 3.36 4.80 26.8 3.33 5.95 28.5 3.13 5.16 28.9 3.08 11.22 29.4 3.03 7.46

FIG. 7 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 1.

FIG. 8 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 1.

Example 3 Preparation of Forms A, B and C of Compound 2

Form A of Compound 2

Form A of compound 2 was prepared as described above.

Table 7, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 2.

TABLE 7 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 2 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 8.1 10.86 15.20 10.6 8.38 13.40 11.1 7.94 13.03 13.5 6.57 12.57 13.6 6.49 25.02 15.8 5.62 100.00 16.4 5.41 9.27 16.7 5.29 10.91 17.8 4.98 37.50 18.7 4.74 9.22 19.0 4.66 47.09 19.3 4.59 12.51 21.4 4.16 23.26 21.5 4.13 27.02 22.0 4.03 13.93 22.2 4.00 25.35 24.1 3.69 10.90 24.3 3.66 12.6 26.1 3.42 11.52 26.5 3.36 11.74

FIG. 9 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 2.

FIG. 10 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 2.

Form B of Compound 2

Form B of compound 2 was prepared as described above.

Table 8, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form B of compound 2.

TABLE 8 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 2 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.0 14.61 65.75 8.1 10.88 64.52 9.6 9.21 40.76 10.8 8.19 25.71 11.1 7.99 61.88 13.4 6.61 75.71 15.0 5.90 82.65 16.0 5.55 31.04 16.6 5.33 11.54 17.3 5.11 96.38 18.1 4.90 25.31 18.9 4.69 37.02 19.4 4.59 100.00 19.9 4.46 26.73 20.8 4.27 52.63 21.3 4.18 35.02 23.5 3.78 23.12 24.6 3.62 12.18 25.9 3.45 83.83 29.3 3.05 11.47

FIG. 11 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form B of compound 2.

FIG. 12 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form B of compound 2.

Example 4 Preparation of Form A of Compound 3

Form A of Compound 3

Form A of compound 3 was prepared as described above.

Table 10, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 3 .

TABLE 10 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 3 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 7.8 11.40 11.46 10.3 8.61 49.99 11.6 7.60 39.27 11.8 7.49 69.89 12.7 6.96 10.15 13.2 6.69 100.00 15.6 5.70 55.58 16.8 5.28 73.64 18.2 4.86 49.47 19.4 4.58 51.49 20.4 4.35 41.17 21.8 4.07 13.77 22.8 3.90 31.47 23.6 3.76 11.26 23.9 3.72 36.20 24.4 3.65 29.05 24.6 3.62 33.01 25.2 3.54 61.83 26.3 3.38 10.30 26.7 3.34 27.50

FIG. 13 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 3.

FIG. 14 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 3.

Form B of Compound 3

Form B of compound 3 was prepared as described above.

Table 11, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form B of compound 3.

TABLE 11 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 3 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.0 14.84 100.00 11.6 7.62 22.24 11.9 7.42 26.45 12.8 6.94 73.94 12.9 6.87 39.86 15.3 5.80 31.40 15.7 5.64 6.74 16.2 5.47 17.97 16.4 5.42 13.85 18.0 4.94 5.75 19.3 4.60 13.61 19.9 4.46 12.93 20.3 4.38 24.36 21.5 4.13 6.77 22. 4.04 17.18 22.6 3.93 9.51 23.8 3.74 7.22 24.7 3.60 67.22 25.4 3.51 30.77 26.3 3.39 8.29

FIG. 15 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form B of compound 3.

FIG. 16 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form B of compound 3.

Example 5 Preparation of Form A of Compound 4

Form A of Compound 4

Form A of compound 4 was prepared as described above.

Table 13, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 4.

TABLE 13 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 4 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.6 15.65 16.48 10.5 8.42 15.31 11.0 8.01 35.52 11.2 7.90 100.00 11.4 7.74 70.67 12.9 6.87 66.83 14.4 6.13 38.23 18.4 4.83 15.57 18.6 4.78 27.79 19.6 4.52 21.02 19.9 4.46 33.88 20.5 4.34 18.73 20.7 4.28 26.28 22.7 3.92 35.68 23.0 3.87 29.24 23.8 3.74 14.10 25.2 3.53 61.24 25.3 3.53 61.99 28.4 3.14 17.61 29.3 3.05 41.07

FIG. 17 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 4.

Example 6 Preparation of Forms A, B and C of Compound 5

Form A of Compound 5

Form A of compound 5 was prepared as described above.

Table 14, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 5.

TABLE 14 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 5 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 8.1 10.92 26.36 11.7 7.58 78.06 13.0 6.81 12.69 13.6 6.51 82.87 13.9 6.38 14.63 15.4 5.75 31.21 16.0 5.55 40.46 16.7 5.30 100.00 19.6 4.53 41.62 20.0 4.44 54.05 20.2 4.40 40.60 20.5 4.32 12.67 23.0 3.87 22.83 24.1 3.70 68.08 24.5 3.63 38.87 25.4 3.50 84.69 26.8 3.33 43.84 27.3 3.27 12.82 30.3 2.95 18.48 32.5 2.75 12.32

FIG. 18 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 5.

FIG. 19 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 5.

Form B of Compound 5

Form B of compound 5 was prepared as described above.

Table 15, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form B of compound 5.

TABLE 15 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 5 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 7.4 11.97 10.52 8.4 10.58 14.26 13.4 6.62 17.72 13.7 6.47 9.46 14.3 6.21 36.35 14.8 5.97 35.49 15.0 5.89 26.96 18.8 4.71 100.00 20.2 4.40 16.54 20.4 4.36 18.70 21.3 4.18 22.07 23.1 3.84 50.64 23.8 3.75 12.93 24.3 3.66 20.97 24.7 3.60 33.32 25.1 3.55 36.05 26.7 3.34 9.91 27.5 3.24 24.84 27.6 3.23 33.49 32.2 2.78 10.62

FIG. 20 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form B of compound 5.

FIG. 21 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form B of compound 5.

Form C of Compound 5

Form C of compound 5 was prepared as described above. Form C of compound 5 was scaled-up as follows.

Approximately 500 mg of Compound A was added to a 20 mL scintillation vial and dissolved in 3 mL of THF with brief sonication. 1.05 equivalents of neat HCl was added at room temperature and immediate precipitation observed. The sample was temperature cycled between ambient and 40° C. (4 hours at each temperature) for ca. 72 hours. The sample was then filtered using a Buchner flask and funnel and the solids dried at ambient temperature under vacuum for ca. 16 hours. The solid material was analyzed by XRPD, PLM, TG/DTA, DSC, DVS/GVS, FT-IR, NMR, HPLC and CAD.

Table 16, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form C of compound 5.

TABLE 16 XRPD Peak Positions for Form C of Compound 5 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 12.2 7.26 13.41 13.4 6.61 100.00 14.1 6.27 73.99 16.8 5.26 12.96 17.6 5.03 18.68 19.5 4.56 15.91 20.4 4.35 51.43 20.8 4.28 9.77 22.4 3.97 27.91 22.6 3.94 17.67 24.3 3.66 6.68 25.0 3.56 18.46 25.8 3.46 58.02 26.6 3.35 38.18 26.6 3.35 33.08 27.0 3.30 8.70 27.9 3.20 19.94 28.5 3.13 15.09 28.7 3.11 30.03 30.1 2.97 10.63

FIG. 22 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form C of compound 5.

FIG. 23 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form C of compound 5.

Example 7 Preparation of Form A of Compound 6

Form A of Compound 6

Form A of compound 6 was prepared as described above. Form A of compound 6 was scaled-up as follows.

Approximately 500 mg of Compound A was added to a 20 mL scintillation vial and dissolved in 3 mL of THF with brief sonication. 1.05 equivalents of oxalic acid (dissolved in 2 mL of THF) was added at room temperature and precipitation observed upon dropwise addition. The sample was temperature cycled between ambient and 40° C. (4 hours at each temperature) for ca. 72 hours. The sample was then filtered using a Buchner flask and funnel and the solids dried at ambient temperature under vacuum for ca. 16 hours. The solid material was analyzed by XRPD, PLM, TG/DTA, DSC, DVS/GVS, FT-IR, NMR and HPLC.

Table 17, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 6.

TABLE 17 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 6 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.4 13.76 3.01 10.6 8.32 35.69 12.4 7.15 100.00 14.0 6.31 7.32 15.2 5.83 2.11 16.0 5.54 28.47 16.7 5.32 32.31 17.1 5.18 7.55 18.0 4.92 16.71 19.4 4.58 6.36 20.3 4.37 3.69 22.3 3.99 17.92 24.9 3.57 2.27 26.2 3.40 48.94 27.1 3.29 9.09 27.4 3.26 26.02 28.2 3.16 4.35 30.7 2.92 4.20 32.1 2.79 1.47 32.6 2.74 2.07

FIG. 24 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 6.

FIG. 25 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 6.

Example 8 Preparation of Forms A, B and C of Compound 7

Form A of Compound 7

Form A of compound 7 was prepared as described above.

Table 18, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 7.

TABLE 18 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 7 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.9 15.09 100.00 11.7 7.54 20.85 12.2 7.26 8.82 13.2 6.71 86.03 14.0 6.35 4.98 14.3 6.20 8.04 16.4 5.40 40.39 17.2 5.17 46.43 17.7 5.02 35.84 21.6 4.12 17.95 22.2 4.01 32.31 22.7 3.92 99.21 24.1 3.70 7.92 24.5 3.63 9.57 24.9 3.58 14.64 25.9 3.45 5.47 26.4 3.38 20.85 26.6 3.35 10.43 27.3 3.27 11.97 32.8 2.73 5.78

FIG. 26 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 7.

FIG. 27 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 7.

Form B of Compound 7

Form B of compound 7 was prepared as described above. Form B of compound 7 was scaled-up as follows.

Approximately 500 mg of Compound A was added to a 20 mL scintillation vial and dissolved in 3 mL of THF with brief sonication. 1.05 equivalents of neat phosphoric acid was added at room temperature and no immediate precipitation observed. Slow precipitation of sticky solid was observed and an additional 2 mL of THF added. The sample was temperature cycled between ambient and 40° C. (4 hours at each temperature) for ca. 72 hours. The sample was then filtered using a Buchner flask and funnel and the solids dried at ambient temperature under vacuum for ca. 16 hours. The solid material was analyzed by XRPD, VT-XRPD, PLM, TG/DTA, DSC, DVS/GVS, FT-IR, NMR and HPLC.

Table 19, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form B of compound 7.

TABLE 19 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 7 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 6.0 14.66 88.61 12.1 7.33 44.38 12.6 7.04 17.58 12.9 6.86 18.15 13.2 6.71 15.37 13.4 6.61 91.72 15.3 5.80 13.90 15.9 5.57 20.47 16.6 5.33 55.60 18.2 4.88 12.71 19.4 4.59 68.79 20.2 4.40 50.76 22.3 3.99 27.86 23.0 3.87 100.00 23.3 3.81 50.38 24.3 3.66 21.36 24.6 3.62 25.72 25.3 3.52 25.27 27.4 3.26 23.28 30.8 2.90 14.33

FIG. 28 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form B of compound 7.

FIG. 29 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form B of compound 7.

Example 9 Preparation of Forms A and B of Compound 8

Form A of Compound 8

Form A of compound 8 was prepared as described above. Form A of compound 8 was scaled-up as follows.

Approximately 500 mg of Compound A was added to a 20 mL scintillation vial and dissolved in 10 mL of ethyl acetate. To 1.05 equivalents of L-tartaric acid was added 2 mL of ethyl acetate but no dissolution observed. 1 mL of the freebase solution was added but no dissolution observed. 3 mL of THF was added and dissolution observed with brief sonication. The counterion solution was added to the freebase solution and no immediate precipitation observed. Very slow precipitation was observed on the walls and base of the vial after ca. 5 minutes. The sample was temperature cycled between ambient and 40° C. (4 hours at each temperature) for ca. 24 hours. The sample was then filtered using a Buchner flask and funnel and the solids dried at ambient temperature under vacuum for ca. 16 hours. The solid material was analyzed by XRPD, PLM, TG/DTA, DSC, DVS/GVS, FT-IR, NMR and HPLC. Solid material was observed to have precipitated from the mother liquor of the temperature cycled material, this solid was analyzed by XRPD.

Table 21, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 8.

TABLE 21 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 8 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.5 16.01 100.00 10.6 8.33 63.53 11.1 8.01 25.88 12.4 7.15 15.10 12.8 6.94 25.68 13.0 6.79 49.51 14.5 6.12 9.15 15.6 5.70 23.28 17.0 5.22 60.59 18.2 4.89 11.54 20.8 4.28 7.97 21.7 4.09 14.75 22.4 3.97 12.03 24.4 3.65 40.16 24.9 3.57 21.09 25.1 3.55 20.47 25.3 3.52 14.68 25.7 3.47 10.32 26.4 3.38 16.17 26.7 3.34 15.22

FIG. 30 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 8.

FIG. 31 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 8.

Form B of Compound 8

Form B of compound 8 was prepared as described above.

Table 22, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form B of compound 8.

TABLE 22 XRPD Peak Positions for Form B of Compound 8 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.0 17.69 34.25 5.5 16.06 59.56 10.6 8.35 44.06 11.0 8.03 23.42 11.2 7.91 36.87 11.8 7.47 53.74 13.0 6.82 36.12 14.0 6.33 30.09 14.3 6.18 100 16.5 5.38 35.08 16.9 5.24 43.61 17.9 4.94 25.29 18.2 4.87 45.41 19.9 4.45 57.56 20.5 4.34 20.15 22.3 3.99 21.21 24.3 3.66 21.31 26.3 3.39 89.83 28.9 3.09 45.42 30.1 2.97 22.88

FIG. 32 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form B of compound 8.

FIG. 33 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form B of compound 8.

Example 10 Preparation of Form A of Compound 9

Form A of Compound 9

Form A of compound 9 was prepared as described above.

Table 23, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 9.

TABLE 23 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 9 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 3.4 25.83 0.30 6.8 12.99 0.87 1020 8.68 4.55 11.6 7.81 0.24 13.0 6.82 2.04 14.1 6.28 0.86 16.9 5.26 13.74 17.3 5.14 2.00 19.1 4.65 2.33 20.5 4.34 11.05 22.3 3.98 79.84 22.6 3.92 4.29 24.2 3.68 1.47 26.1 3.41 3.90 30.4 2.94 17.04 30.5 2.94 6.81 30.9 2.89 8.33 32.4 2.76 100.00 32.5 2.76 43.22 33.1 2.70 0.93

FIG. 34 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 9.

FIG. 35 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 9.

Example 11 Preparation of Form A of Compound 10

Form A of Compound 10

Form A of compound 10 was prepared as described above.

Table 24, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 10.

TABLE 24 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 10 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 11.6 7.66 21.15 14.8 6.00 100.00 15.2 5.81 16.13 16.6 5.34 22.19 17.3 5.12 16.76 17.9 4.94 17.68 19.5 4.56 39.93 19.6 4.53 60.17 19.7 4.52 54.38 21.7 4.10 23.95 22.8 3.90 48.76 23.3 3.82 29.61 23.5 3.79 44.07 23.7 3.76 29.21 25.5 3.50 87.60 28.1 3.17 90.68 28.7 3.11 92.98 28.8 3.11 37.75 31.1 2.87 19.61 32.3 2.77 14.67

FIG. 36 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 10.

Example 12 Preparation of Form A of Compound 11

Form A of Compound 11

Form A of compound 11 was prepared as described above.

Table 25, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 11.

TABLE 25 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 11 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.6 15.74 6.33 10.9 8.15 27.15 11.1 7.95 25.07 12.0 7.35 8.58 12.9 6.88 100.00 13.7 6.45 20.48 15.8 5.60 7.11 16.5 5.37 15.14 16.7 5.31 7.96 17.8 4.97 5.79 20.0 4.44 5.29 21.6 4.11 5.28 22.5 3.95 4.75 24.2 3.67 21.31 24.4 3.65 20.80 24.7 3.60 11.66 26.8 3.33 12.46 28.4 3.14 6.89 32.4 2.76 9.18 33.3 2.69 5.38

FIG. 37 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 11.

Example 13 Preparation of Form A of Compound 12

Form A of Compound 12

Form A of compound 12 was prepared as described above.

Table 26, supra, is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of compound 12.

TABLE 26 XRPD Peak Positions for Form A of Compound 12 Position d-spacing Intensity [°2θ] [Å] [%] 5.6 15.81 35.73 11.2 7.90 42.81 13.0 6.80 100.00 16.7 5.32 20.90 16.8 5.26 28.54 16.9 5.25 21.21 17.4 5.10 16.53 17.6 5.02 33.60 18.1 4.90 19.34 19.3 4.59 12.44 21.4 4.15 13.57 21.8 4.07 10.23 22.2 4.00 10.83 23.8 3.74 12.46 24.5 3.63 76.96 26.2 3.39 12.13 26.9 3.31 8.81 27.3 3.27 11.22 27.6 3.23 13.31 28.4 3.14 10.92

FIG. 38 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A of compound 12.

FIG. 39 depicts a TG/DTA trace of Form A of compound 12.

Example 14 Aqueous Solubility Studies for Compounds 1 and 5-8

Approximately 20 mg of each of Compounds 1 and 5-8 was weighed into three 2 mL vials. The appropriate pH buffer was added to achieve pH values of pH 1, 4.5 and 6.8. The pH was measured after buffer addition and the pH adjusted if required back to the appropriate pH. The samples were allowed to shake at ambient temperature using an incubator shaker for ca. 20 hours. After ca. 20 hours the solids were analyzed by XRPD and the solutions measured by HPLC concentration. The results are shown below in Table 31.

TABLE 31 Solubility Determinations of Compounds 1 and 5-8 HPLC Solubility (mg/mL) Compound pH after 24 hours Compound 5 Form C 1 1.9 4.5 1.6 6.8 0.4 Compound 1 Form A 1 ≥500* 4.5 ≥500* 6.8 ≥500* Compound 6 Form A 1 2.5 4.5 0.5 6.8 0.5 Compound 7 Form B 1 2.3 4.5 1.2 6.8 0.6 Compound 8 Form B 1 2.0 4.5 1.9 6.8 0.8 *Complete dissolution observed when 40 μL of buffer was added to 20 mg of material

As can be seen, Form A of Compound 1 is far more soluble than Form C of Compound 5, Form A of Compound 6, Form B of Compound 7 and Form B of Compound 8.

Example 15 Single Crystal Studies of Compound A

Single crystal studies of Compound A produced a monoclinic P2i/c unit cell with the parameters shown below in Table 32.

TABLE 32 Unit Cell Parameters for Single Crystal of Compound A a 11.7863 (4) Å b 15.3720 (5) Å c 15.7682 (6) Å V   2713.06 (18) Å³ R_(int) 4.06% α 90° β 108.256 (4)°  γ 90° Z 4 Z′ 1 R₁(I > 2σ(I)) 5.10% GooF (S) 1.053 wR₂ (all data) 12.21%  p(calc) 1.314 g/cm³

The unit cell was observed to be asymmetric and to contain two complete Compound A formula units, with hydrogen bonding association between the two molecules.

FIG. 40 depicts a unit cell of compound A.

FIG. 41 depicts simulated and experimental XRPD patterns of compound A.

While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example. 

We claim: 1-25. (canceled)
 26. Compound A:

wherein the compound is crystalline.
 27. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is substantially free of amorphous compound A.
 28. The compound of claim 27, wherein compound A is at least 95% crystalline solid by weight.
 29. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form A characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at 8.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta, 16.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta, and 22.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta.
 30. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form A characterized in that it has peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern at 8.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta, 16.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta, and 22.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta.
 31. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form A characterized in that it has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially similar to the XRPD pattern provided in FIG.
 1. 32. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form B characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at 10.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta, 11.5±0.2 degrees 2-theta, and 23.3±0.2 degrees 2-theta.
 33. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form B characterized in that it has peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern at 10.2±0.2 degrees 2-theta, 11.5±0.2 degrees 2-theta, and 23.3±0.2 degrees 2-theta.
 34. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form B characterized in that it has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially similar to the XRPD pattern provided in FIG.
 3. 35. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form C characterized in that it has one or more peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern selected from those at 15.8±0.2 degrees 2-theta, 23.0±0.2 degrees 2-theta, and 23.1±0.2 degrees 2-theta.
 36. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form C characterized in that it has peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern at 15.8±0.2 degrees 2-theta, 23.0±0.2 degrees 2-theta, and 23.1±0.2 degrees 2-theta.
 37. The compound of claim 26, wherein compound A is of Form C characterized in that it has an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern substantially similar to the XRPD pattern provided in FIG.
 5. 38. A compound selected from one of the following: compound 2:

of Forms A, B or C; compound 3:

of Forms A, B or C; compound 4:

compound 5:

of Forms A, B or C; compound 6:

compound 7:

of Forms A, B or C; compound 8:

of Forms A or B; compound 9:

compound 10:

compound 11:

and compound 12:


39. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound is compound
 2. 40. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound is compound
 3. 41. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound is compound
 4. 42. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound is compound 5 or
 7. 43. The compound of claim 38, wherein the compound is compound 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, or
 12. 44. A method of treating a condition selected from dry eye, cataracts, keratoconus, Fuch's endothelial dystrophy in the cornea, uveitis, allergic conjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, conditions associated with photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) healing or other corneal healing, conditions associated with tear lipid degradation or lacrimal gland dysfunction, ocular rosacea (with or without meibomian gland dysfunction), skin cancer, psoriasis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome, ischemic-reperfusion injury, inflammation, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, scleroderma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, lupus, atherosclerosis, and conditions associated with the injurious effects of blister agents; comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim
 26. 45. A method of treating a condition selected from diabetic macular edema (DME), atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), dry eye disease (DED), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), dry eye disease with allergic conjunctivitis, non-infectious anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, pan-uveitis, post-surgical ocular pain and inflammation, corneal fibrosis after radial keratotomy, corneal fibrosis after trauma or exposure to vesicants, corneal fibrosis after infection, non-clinically significant macular edema (Non-CSME), clinically significant macular edema (CSME), uveitis, anterior uveitis, non-infectious uveitis, Behcet's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, Lyme disease, sarcoidosis, and psoriasis; comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of claim
 26. 